简介
The idea that the language we speak influences the way we think has evoked perennial fascination and intense controversy. According to the strong version of this hypothesis, called the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis after the American linguists who propounded it, languages vary in their semantic partitioning of the world, and the structure of one's language influences how one understands the world. Thus speakers of different languages perceive the world differently. Although the last two decades have been marked by extreme skepticism concerning the possible effects of language on thought, recent theoretical and methodological advances in cognitive science have given the question new life. Research in linguistics and linguistic anthropology has revealed striking differences in cross-linguistic semantic patterns, and cognitive psychology has developed subtle techniques for studying how people represent and remember experience. It is now possible to test predictions about how a given language influences the thinking of its speakers. Language in Mind includes contributions from both skeptics and believers and from a range of fields. It contains work in cognitive psychology, cognitive development, linguistics, anthropology, and animal cognition. The topics discussed include space, number, motion, gender, theory of mind, thematic roles, and the ontological distinction between objects and substances. The contributors include Melissa Bowerman, Eve Clark, Jill de Villiers, Peter de Villiers, Giyoo Hatano, Stan Kuczaj, Barbara Landau, Stephen Levinson, John Lucy, Barbara Malt, Dan Slobin, Steven Sloman, Elizabeth Spelke, and Michael Tomasello.
目录
Contributors p. vii
Acknowledgments p. ix
I Introduction p. 1
Whither Whorf Dedre Gentner and Susan Goldin-Meadow p. 3
II Position Statements p. 15
1 Languages and Representations Eve V. Clark p. 17
2 Language and Mind: Let's Get the Issues Straight! Stephen C. Levinson p. 25
3 The Key Is Social Cognition Michael Tomasello p. 47
III Language as Lens: Does the Language We Acquire Influence How We See the World? p. 59
4 Sex, Syntax, and Semantics Lera Boroditsky and Lauren A. Schmidt and Webb Phillips p. 61
5 Speaking versus Thinking about Objects and Actions Barbara C. Malt and Steven A. Sloman and Silvia P. Gennari p. 81
6 The Effects of Spatial Language on Spatial Representation: Setting Some Boundaries Edward Munnich and Barbara Landau p. 113
7 Language and Thought Online: Cognitive Consequences of Linguistic Relativity Dan I. Slobin p. 157
IV Language as Tool Kit: Does the Language We Acquire Augment Our Capacity for Higher-Order Representation and Reasoning? p. 193
8 Why We're So Smart Dedre Gentner p. 195
9 Does Language Help Animals Think? Stan A. Kuczaj, II and Jennifer L. Hendry p. 237
10 What Makes Us Smart? Core Knowledge and Natural Language Elizabeth S. Spelke p. 277
11 Conceptual and Linguistic Factors in Inductive Projection: How Do Young Children Recognize Commonalities between Animals and Plants? Kayoko Inagaki and Giyoo Hatano p. 313
12 Language for Thought: Coming to Understand False Beliefs Jill G. de Villiers and Peter A. de Villiers p. 335
V Language as Category Maker: Does the Language We Acquire Influence Where We Make Our Category Distinctions? p. 385
13 Space under Construction: Language-Specific Spatial Categorization in First Language Acquisition Melissa Bowerman and Soonja Choi p. 387
14 Reevaluating Linguistic Relativity: Language-Specific Categories and the Role of Universal Ontological Knowledge in the Construal of Individuation Mutsumi Imai and Reiko Mazuka p. 429
15 Interaction of Language Type and Referent Type in the Development of Nonverbal Classification Preferences John A. Lucy and Suzanne Gaskins p. 465
16 Thought before Language: Do We Think Ergative? Susan Goldin-Meadow p. 493
Index p. 523
Acknowledgments p. ix
I Introduction p. 1
Whither Whorf Dedre Gentner and Susan Goldin-Meadow p. 3
II Position Statements p. 15
1 Languages and Representations Eve V. Clark p. 17
2 Language and Mind: Let's Get the Issues Straight! Stephen C. Levinson p. 25
3 The Key Is Social Cognition Michael Tomasello p. 47
III Language as Lens: Does the Language We Acquire Influence How We See the World? p. 59
4 Sex, Syntax, and Semantics Lera Boroditsky and Lauren A. Schmidt and Webb Phillips p. 61
5 Speaking versus Thinking about Objects and Actions Barbara C. Malt and Steven A. Sloman and Silvia P. Gennari p. 81
6 The Effects of Spatial Language on Spatial Representation: Setting Some Boundaries Edward Munnich and Barbara Landau p. 113
7 Language and Thought Online: Cognitive Consequences of Linguistic Relativity Dan I. Slobin p. 157
IV Language as Tool Kit: Does the Language We Acquire Augment Our Capacity for Higher-Order Representation and Reasoning? p. 193
8 Why We're So Smart Dedre Gentner p. 195
9 Does Language Help Animals Think? Stan A. Kuczaj, II and Jennifer L. Hendry p. 237
10 What Makes Us Smart? Core Knowledge and Natural Language Elizabeth S. Spelke p. 277
11 Conceptual and Linguistic Factors in Inductive Projection: How Do Young Children Recognize Commonalities between Animals and Plants? Kayoko Inagaki and Giyoo Hatano p. 313
12 Language for Thought: Coming to Understand False Beliefs Jill G. de Villiers and Peter A. de Villiers p. 335
V Language as Category Maker: Does the Language We Acquire Influence Where We Make Our Category Distinctions? p. 385
13 Space under Construction: Language-Specific Spatial Categorization in First Language Acquisition Melissa Bowerman and Soonja Choi p. 387
14 Reevaluating Linguistic Relativity: Language-Specific Categories and the Role of Universal Ontological Knowledge in the Construal of Individuation Mutsumi Imai and Reiko Mazuka p. 429
15 Interaction of Language Type and Referent Type in the Development of Nonverbal Classification Preferences John A. Lucy and Suzanne Gaskins p. 465
16 Thought before Language: Do We Think Ergative? Susan Goldin-Meadow p. 493
Index p. 523
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