简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
"Against the Logicians" is what the author calls his eclectic collection of 15 essays spanning the last 15 years. In topics ranging from affirmative action and capital punishment to the existence of Santa Claus and material taken from "Dear Abby" columns, he breaks free from logician's traditional premises and his earlier belief that proficiency in formal or symbolic logic is what separates real philosophers from sophomores. While trying not to alienate the very audience he seeks to address, Levi (U. of Oregon, Eugene) defends informal logic by critiquing the occupational hazards of critical thinking, argumentation, paradoxes, and "the unbearable vagueness of being." Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Publisher Summary 2
This book is distinguished from others on the market by its determination to base what it has to say on samples of actual argument. Outstanding features of the book include: criticism of logical theory for encouraging faulty and misleading readings of an argument; an approach to the informal fallacies and the enthymeme that is based on the recognition of the limitations of the requirement that an argument be reconstructed as a sequence of premises and conclusion; a treatment of certain paradoxes and of the Geltier problem that argues that there is something to resolve only because of the unwarranted assumption that formal logic is taken to have applications to fields other than itself; an emphasis on developing an alternative conflict resolution conception of argumentation. Many of the essays in this book are written in response to what other scholars in the field have said. However, the book addresses anyone who wonders, as the author does, about what can be achieved by argumentation and why it can be achieved
目录
Preface p. xi
Acknowledgements p. xv
In Defense of Informal Logic p. 1
Ad hominem rhetoric that is not an argument p. 2
Informal Logic should not be expected to provide tests of correctness p. 4
The unwarranted assumption behind Lambert and Ulrich's argument p. 8
Towards a better understanding of what a fallacy is p. 11
Conclusion: reflections on the need for a theory of fallacy p. 13
Notes p. 14
Begging what is at Issue in the Argument p. 16
Begging the conclusion in a sequence of propositions p. 16
Begging what is at issue in the argument p. 19
Walton's dialogical analysis of begging the question p. 22
Conclusion p. 26
Notes p. 27
The fallacy in the treatment of the ad baculum as a fallacy p. 29
Wreen on a mugging as a non-fallacious ad baculum p. 29
The ad baculum as a tactic to avoid or put an end to argument p. 31
Wreen on the irrelevance of what the speaker is doing p. 33
The importance of considering an argument in its context p. 34
The problem of identifying the premises and conclusion p. 35
What an argument is p. 37
Conclusion: what we are doing when we call something a 'fallacy' p. 39
Notes p. 40
In Defense of Rhetoric p. 42
A rhetorical approach to argument p. 42
The argument against the rhetorical approach p. 46
Perelman on audience adherence p. 47
Weddle on how argument correctness is audience-dependent p. 51
Rhetoric or Logic; a false dichotomy? p. 53
Conclusion p. 56
Notes p. 58
Towards a More Dynamic Conception of Argument p. 59
Different uses of 'argument' p. 60
Problems with the definition of 'argument' p. 64
The reconstruction of an argument that has been given p. 67
What is at issue in the reading and analysis of an argument p. 69
Conclusion p. 74
Notes p. 75
The Case of the Missing Premise p. 77
The problem as illustrated by contrived examples p. 77
Supplying a contrived example with a rhetorical context p. 81
Govier on the enthymeme p. 83
The PC Requirement p. 87
The critical analysis of an actual argument p. 88
Conclusion p. 93
Notes p. 94
The Limits of Critical Thinking p. 96
Fogelin on the limits of critical thinking p. 96
Normal and abnormal argumentative exchanges p. 100
Framework propositions p. 101
The inarguability of the key abortion premise p. 102
Karen Warren on conceptual frameworks p. 106
Andrew Lugg's diagnosis of Fogelin's mistake p. 108
Conclusion: the issue raised by Fogelin's argument p. 109
Notes p. 110
Why do Illiterates do so Badly in Logic? p. 111
Interpreting the responses of illiterate experimental subjects p. 111
What is the right answer to the logic problem? p. 115
The argument that the illiterates do reason deductively p. 118
Is there a logic language function in everyday reasoning? p. 121
Conclusion p. 123
Notes p. 123
Teaching logic: How to Overcome the Limitations of the
Classroom p. 125
Why do students do so badly in Logic? p. 126
What a difference a first day makes p. 129
Giving a critical reading to actual rhetoric p. 132
Conclusion: the paradox of teaching critical thinking p. 136
Notes p. 138
The Application of Logic to Fields other than Itself p. 139
Exclusive and nonexclusive truth functional disjunction p. 141
The existence of the exclusive 'or' in everyday discourse p. 143
The application of truth-functional analysis to the field of Logic p. 146
Whether the logic problem is a practical application p. 148
The application of what is devised to fields outside of Logic p. 149
Conclusion p. 151
Notes p. 153
The Gettier Problem and the Parable of Ten Coins p. 154
The Gettier Problem and the problems with it p. 154
A dramatization of a Gettier Counterexample p. 157
Changing the example to get it to be a Gettier counterexample p. 160
Existential Generalization applies to Logic propositions p. 162
The underlying assumption of the Gettier Problem p. 165
Conclusion p. 167
Notes p. 168
The Unbearable Vagueness of Being p. 169
The borderline case conception of vagueness p. 169
The problem of what constitutes an application of a predicate p. 172
The Sorites Paradox p. 176
Why the Sorites matters p. 181
Conclusion p. 183
Notes p. 183
Zhuangzi: Philosophical Disputation as Transformative p. 185
Philosophy and transformation p. 185
Voices in illumination p. 187
The conflict between the Mohists and Confucians p. 191
Smoothing things out on the whetstone of Heaven p. 194
The happy fishes p. 196
What saying says is not fixed p. 198
The relation of language to a differenceless Reality p. 200
The ontology of language p. 202
Conclusion p. 205
Notes p. 207
References p. 209
Name Index p. 217
Subject Index p. 221
Acknowledgements p. xv
In Defense of Informal Logic p. 1
Ad hominem rhetoric that is not an argument p. 2
Informal Logic should not be expected to provide tests of correctness p. 4
The unwarranted assumption behind Lambert and Ulrich's argument p. 8
Towards a better understanding of what a fallacy is p. 11
Conclusion: reflections on the need for a theory of fallacy p. 13
Notes p. 14
Begging what is at Issue in the Argument p. 16
Begging the conclusion in a sequence of propositions p. 16
Begging what is at issue in the argument p. 19
Walton's dialogical analysis of begging the question p. 22
Conclusion p. 26
Notes p. 27
The fallacy in the treatment of the ad baculum as a fallacy p. 29
Wreen on a mugging as a non-fallacious ad baculum p. 29
The ad baculum as a tactic to avoid or put an end to argument p. 31
Wreen on the irrelevance of what the speaker is doing p. 33
The importance of considering an argument in its context p. 34
The problem of identifying the premises and conclusion p. 35
What an argument is p. 37
Conclusion: what we are doing when we call something a 'fallacy' p. 39
Notes p. 40
In Defense of Rhetoric p. 42
A rhetorical approach to argument p. 42
The argument against the rhetorical approach p. 46
Perelman on audience adherence p. 47
Weddle on how argument correctness is audience-dependent p. 51
Rhetoric or Logic; a false dichotomy? p. 53
Conclusion p. 56
Notes p. 58
Towards a More Dynamic Conception of Argument p. 59
Different uses of 'argument' p. 60
Problems with the definition of 'argument' p. 64
The reconstruction of an argument that has been given p. 67
What is at issue in the reading and analysis of an argument p. 69
Conclusion p. 74
Notes p. 75
The Case of the Missing Premise p. 77
The problem as illustrated by contrived examples p. 77
Supplying a contrived example with a rhetorical context p. 81
Govier on the enthymeme p. 83
The PC Requirement p. 87
The critical analysis of an actual argument p. 88
Conclusion p. 93
Notes p. 94
The Limits of Critical Thinking p. 96
Fogelin on the limits of critical thinking p. 96
Normal and abnormal argumentative exchanges p. 100
Framework propositions p. 101
The inarguability of the key abortion premise p. 102
Karen Warren on conceptual frameworks p. 106
Andrew Lugg's diagnosis of Fogelin's mistake p. 108
Conclusion: the issue raised by Fogelin's argument p. 109
Notes p. 110
Why do Illiterates do so Badly in Logic? p. 111
Interpreting the responses of illiterate experimental subjects p. 111
What is the right answer to the logic problem? p. 115
The argument that the illiterates do reason deductively p. 118
Is there a logic language function in everyday reasoning? p. 121
Conclusion p. 123
Notes p. 123
Teaching logic: How to Overcome the Limitations of the
Classroom p. 125
Why do students do so badly in Logic? p. 126
What a difference a first day makes p. 129
Giving a critical reading to actual rhetoric p. 132
Conclusion: the paradox of teaching critical thinking p. 136
Notes p. 138
The Application of Logic to Fields other than Itself p. 139
Exclusive and nonexclusive truth functional disjunction p. 141
The existence of the exclusive 'or' in everyday discourse p. 143
The application of truth-functional analysis to the field of Logic p. 146
Whether the logic problem is a practical application p. 148
The application of what is devised to fields outside of Logic p. 149
Conclusion p. 151
Notes p. 153
The Gettier Problem and the Parable of Ten Coins p. 154
The Gettier Problem and the problems with it p. 154
A dramatization of a Gettier Counterexample p. 157
Changing the example to get it to be a Gettier counterexample p. 160
Existential Generalization applies to Logic propositions p. 162
The underlying assumption of the Gettier Problem p. 165
Conclusion p. 167
Notes p. 168
The Unbearable Vagueness of Being p. 169
The borderline case conception of vagueness p. 169
The problem of what constitutes an application of a predicate p. 172
The Sorites Paradox p. 176
Why the Sorites matters p. 181
Conclusion p. 183
Notes p. 183
Zhuangzi: Philosophical Disputation as Transformative p. 185
Philosophy and transformation p. 185
Voices in illumination p. 187
The conflict between the Mohists and Confucians p. 191
Smoothing things out on the whetstone of Heaven p. 194
The happy fishes p. 196
What saying says is not fixed p. 198
The relation of language to a differenceless Reality p. 200
The ontology of language p. 202
Conclusion p. 205
Notes p. 207
References p. 209
Name Index p. 217
Subject Index p. 221
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