The management of hazardous substances in the environment

Book Cover 1
Half-Title 2
Title 5
Copyright 6
Preface 8
Contents 9
List of Contributors 11
1 Environmental Policy: Strategies and International Cooperation 14
2 The Contribution of the Council of Europe Towards the Elaboration of a Policy and of Instruments for the Protection\u2026 24
INTRODUCTION 24
POLICIES 24
Objectives 27
Methods 28
INSTRUMENTS 29
3 Chemical Assessment, Information Exchange and the International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals 32
INTRODUCTION 32
MAIN ACTIVITIES OF IRPTC 33
Computerized Database and Chemical Data Profiles 34
Network for Information Exchange and Related Activities 36
National Registers of Potentially Toxic Chemicals (NRPTCs) 38
RELATIONSHIP OF IRPTC TO OTHER INTERNATIONAL INITIATIVES 40
Evaluation of chemical hazards 40
Information Exchange 41
CONCLUSIONS 42
REFERENCES 43
4 Environmental Hazard Assessment of Anthropogenic Chemicals 46
INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL CRITERIA 46
Reasons for Assessment Work 46
Environmental Hazard Criteria of Chemicals 47
WHAT IS ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARD? 47
PRINCIPLES OF SCORING SYSTEMS 49
ADVANCED HAZARD ASSESSMENT 51
EXTREMELY TOXIC AND PERSISTENT CHEMICALS 52
REFERENCES 56
5 Trends in Environmental Hazard and Risk Assessment of Chemicals 62
INTRODUCTION 62
ASSESSMENT AND ACCEPTANCE OF MARINE POLLUTION 64
RISK ASSESSMENT OF SPECIFIC CHEMICALS 65
ACCEPTABLE/UNACCEPTABLE EFFECTS OF SPECIFIC CHEMICALS 65
RISK ASSESSMENT OF MARINE EUTROPHICATION 67
CONCLUDING REMARKS 71
REFERENCES 72
6 Managing the Environment: Role and Duties of the Chemical Industry in an International Context 74
7 Recent Developments in Pollution Control Technology for Boilers, Furnaces and Incinerators 82
FLUE GAS DESULFURIZATION (FGD) 82
Overview 82
Major Wet Processes 82
Problems with Wet Processes and Counter-Measures 83
Dry and Semi-dry Processes 84
FGD Cost 85
NOx AND COMBINED SO2 AND NOx ABATEMENT PROCESSES 86
Combustion Modification (CM) 86
NOx Removal Processes 87
Combined SO2 and NOx Removal 88
Simultaneous SO2 and NOx Removal 88
POLLUTION CONTROL FOR INCINERATORS 89
Overview of MSW Incinerators 89
Gas Cleaning Systems for MSW Incinerators 90
Problems with Mercury 91
Dioxines and Dibenzofurans 93
Gas Cleaning for Sewage Treatment Sludge Incinerators 93
CO2 EMISSION AND CONTROL 94
CO2 Increase Caused by Flue Gas Cleaning 94
CO2 Emissions by Electric Power Generation 94
REFERENCES 96
8 Wastewater Treatment Technologies 98
INTRODUCTION 98
CHANGING TREATMENT OBJECTIVES 99
Historical Objectives 99
Present-Day Objectives 99
OVERALL TREATMENT PROCESS AND PERFORMANCE 101
BIOLOGICAL TREATMENT PROCESSES 103
NUTRIENT REMOVAL 108
Chemical Processes 108
Biological Processes for Nutrient Control 109
TREATMENT OF TOXIC AND HAZARDOUS ORGANICS 110
Adsorptive Processes 110
Chemical Oxidative Processes 112
Chemical Oxidation Followed by Biodegradation 112
New Biotechnologies for Hazardous Wastewaters 112
NON-CONVENTIONAL PROCESS CONFIGURATION AND SEQUENCES 112
\u2018PCT Only\u2019 112
Primary Chemical Treatment Followed by Biological Treatment 113
SLUDGE TREATMENT 114
9 Water Pollution Control with Special Reference to Wastewater Treatment 116
INTRODUCTION 116
A SIMPLE SYSTEM REPRESENTING WATER POLLUTION CONTROL 116
FLOWS OF MATTER AND FEEDBACKS IN THE SYSTEM 121
AN EXAMPLE CASE: NITROGEN 123
CONCLUSIONS 125
REFERENCES 125
10 New Trends in Clean Technologies: Non-Polluting Recycling Technologies. Legislative and Institutional Initiatives in the\u2026 128
BIBLIOGRAPHY 137
11 Strategy for Hazardous Waste Management 138
CLASSIFICATION OF WASTES 138
WASTE MANAGEMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION 142
Contents of Wastes 142
Pollution Media 142
Mechanism of Pollution 142
DEFINITION OF HAZARDOUS INDUSTRIAL WASTES 143
SETTING OF DISPOSAL LEVELS 147
Disposal Technology Corresponding with the Characteristics of Wastes 147
Acceptable Wastes Corresponding with Disposal Facility 147
Environmental Impact Assessment 148
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION REQUIREMENTS AND DESIGN CRITERIA 148
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 149
BIBLIOGRAPHY 149
12 Monitoring and Control of Transfrontier Movements of Hazardous Wastes: An International Overview 152
BACKGROUND AND SCOPE OF THE PROBLEM 152
FORCES ACTING TO PROMOTE TRANSFRONTIER MOVEMENTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES 154
ACTIONS BEING TAKEN TO MONITOR AND CONTROL TRANSFRONTIER MOVEMENTS OF HAZARDOUS WASTES 156
OECD 156
European Community 161
United Nations Environment Program 162
PROGNOSTICATIONS CONCERNING THE NEAR-TERM FUTURE 165
NOTES 166
REFERENCES 168
APPENDIX: SOME COMMENTS CONCERNING HAZARDOUS WASTE MANAGEMENT ISSUES FACED BY DEVELOPING COUNTRIES 169
13 Reducing Corporate Environmental Liabilities with a Complete Environmental Management and Protection System: A Guide for\u2026 176
(1) Environmental Expertise 181
Question 181
Summary 181
Example 181
(2) Environmental Policy and Procedures 182
Question 182
Summary 182
Example 182
(3) Environmental Law and Regulatory Advisory Program 182
Question 182
Summary 183
Example 183
(4) Environmental Audit and Compliance Action Program 183
Question 183
Summary 183
Example 184
(5) Environmentally Friendly Processes and Products 184
Question 184
Summary 184
Example 185
(6) Environmental Protection Program 185
Question 185
Summary 185
Example 186
(7) Emission Reduction Program 187
Question 187
Summary 187
Example 187
(8) Emergency Prevention, Contingency Planning and Community Awareness 188
Question 188
Summary 188
Example 188
(9) Duties of Individuals and Training Requirements 189
Question 189
Summary 189
(10) Reports to Officers and the Board of Directors 189
Question 189
Summary 189
REFERENCES 190
14 Immobilization of Pollutants in Stabilized Sludge Composed of Lignite Ashes and Residues of Flue Gas Desulphurization 192
REFERENCES 194
Appendix I International Society for Environmental Protection (ISEP) 196
FOUNDATION AND OBJECTIVES 196
CURRENT ACTIVITIES 196
Appendix II 198
Index 210