Preface p. v
Some fundamentals of empirical research p. 1
Introduction p. 1
On the relevance of quantitative methods in linguistics p. 3
The design and the logic of quantitative studies p. 7
Scouting p. 8
Hypotheses and operationalization p. 10
Scientific hypotheses in text form p. 11
Operationalizing your variables p. 14
Scientific hypotheses in statistical/mathematical form p. 18
Data collection and storage p. 24
The decision p. 29
Overview: discrete probability distributions p. 33
Extension: continuous probability distributions p. 44
The design of an experiment: introduction p. 48
The design of an experiment: another example p. 54
Fundamentals of R p. 58
Introduction and installation p. 58
Functions and arguments p. 62
Vectors p. 66
Generating vectors in R p. 66
Loading and saving vectors in R p. 71
Editing vectors in R p. 74
Factors p. 82
Generating factors in R p. 83
Loading and saving factors in R p. 83
Editing factors in R p. 84
Data frames p. 85
Generating data frames in R p. 85
Loading and saving data frames in R p. 88
Editing data frames in R p. 90
Descriptive statistics p. 96
Univariate statistics p. 96
Frequency data p. 96
Scatterplots and line plots p. 98
Pie charts p. 102
Bar plots p. 102
Pareto-charts p. 104
Histograms p. 105
Measures of central tendency p. 106
The mode p. 106
The median p. 107
The arithmetic mean p. 107
The geometric mean p. 108
Measures of dispersion p. 111
Relative entropy p. 112
The range p. 113
Quantiles and quartiles p. 113
The average deviation p. 115
The standard deviation p. 116
The variation coefficient p. 117
Summary functions p. 118
The standard error p. 119
Centering and standardization (z-scores) p. 121
Confidence intervals p. 123
Confidence intervals of arithmetic means p. 124
Confidence intervals of percentages p. 125
Bivariate statistics p. 127
Frequencies and crosstabulation p. 127
Bar plots and mosaic plots p. 129
Spineplots p. 130
Line plots p. 131
Means p. 132
Boxplots p. 133
Interaction plots p. 134
Coefficients of correlation and linear regression p. 138
Analytical statistics p. 148
Distributions and frequencies p. 148
Distribution fitting p. 148
One dep. variable (ratio-scaled) p. 148
One dep. variable (nominal/categorical) p. 151
Tests for differences/independence p. 158
One dep. variable (ordinal/interval/ratio scaled) and one indep. variable (nominal) (indep. samples) p. 159
One dep. variable (nominal/categorical) and one indep. variable (nominal/categorical) (indep. samples) p. 165
One dep. variable (nominal/categorical) (dep. samples) p. 180
Dispersions p. 184
Goodness-of-fit test for one dep. variable (ratio-scaled) p. 185
One dep. variable (ratio-scaled) and one indep.variable (nominal) p. 187
Means p. 194
Goodness-of-fit tests p. 195
One dep. variable (ratio-scaled) p. 195
One dep. variable (ordinal) p. 199
Tests for differences/independence p. 204
One dep. variable (ratio-scaled) and one indep. variable (nominal) (indep. samples) p. 205
One dep. variable (ratio-scaled) and one indep. variable (nominal) (dep. samples) p. 212
One dep. variable (ordinal) and one indep. variable (nominal) (indep. samples) p. 218
One dep. variable (ordinal) and one indep. variable (nominal) (dep. samples) p. 226
Coefficients of correlation and linear regression p. 230
The significance of the product-moment correlation p. 231
The significance of Kendall's Tau p. 234
Correlation and causality p. 236
Selected multifactorial methods p. 238
The multifactorial analysis of frequency data p. 240
Configural frequency analysis p. 240
Hierarchical configural frequency analysis p. 248
Multiple regression analysis p. 252
ANOVA (analysis of variance) p. 274
Monofactorial ANOVA p. 275
Two-/multifactorial ANOVA p. 284
Binary logistic regression p. 291
Hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis p. 306
Epilog p. 320
References p. 323
Function index p. 329