Elementary statistics : picturing the world / 4th ed.

Contents
Preface x Supplements xii i Acknowledgments xiv Features xv How to Study Statistics xxi Index of Applications xxii i
Introduction to Statistics 0
Where You've Been 1 Where You're Going 1
1.1 An Overview of Statistics 2
1.2 Data Classification 9 Case Study: Rating Televis ion Shows in the United States 15
1.3 Experim ental Design 16 Uses and Abuses 23 Chapter Summary 24 Revi ew Exercis es 25 Chapter Quiz 27 Real Statistics-Real Decisions-PuttingIt All Together 28 History of Statistics-Timeli ne 29 Technology:Using Technology in Statistics 30
Descriptive Statistics 32
Where You've Been 33 Where You're Going 33
2.1 Frequency Distributions and Their Graphs 34
2.2 More Graphs and Displays 49
2.3 Measures of Central Tendency 60
2.4 Measures of Variation 74 Case Study: Sunglass Sales in the United States 92
2.5 Measures of Position 93 Uses and Abuses 105 Chapter Summary 106 Revi ew Exercis es 107 Chapter Quiz 111 Real Statistics-Real Decisions-PuttingIt All Together 112 Technology: Monthly Milk Production 113 iv Using Technology to Determine DescriptiveStatistics 114
CONTENTS
Chapter 3
Probability 116
Where You've Been 117 Where You're Going 117
3.1 Basic Concepts of Probabili ty 118
3.2 ConditionalProbability and the Multiplication Rule 130
3.3 The Addition Rule 140 Case Study: Probabili ty and Parking Lot Strategies 149
3.4 Counting Princi ples 150 Uses and Abuses 161 Chapter Summary 162 Review Exerci ses 163 Chapter Quiz 167 Real Statistics- Real Decisi ons- Putti ng It All Together 168 Technology: Simulation: Composing Mozart Variations with Dice 169
Discrete Probability Distributions 170
Where You've Been 171 Where You're Going 171
4.1 Probabili ty Distribut ions 172
4.2 Binomial Distri butions 184 Case Study: Binomial Distri bution of Airplane Accidents 197
4.3 More Discrete Probability Distributi ons 198 Uses and Abuses 205 Chapter Summary 206 Review Exerci ses 207 Chapter Quiz 211 Real Statistics-Real Decisions-PuttingItAll Together 212 Technology: Using Poisson Distribut ions as Queuing Models 213
CONTENTS
Normal Probability Distributions 214
Where You've Been 215 Where You're Going 215
5.1 Introduction to NormalDistributions and 216 the Standard Normal Distributi on
5.2 Normal Distributi ons: Findi ng Probabil iti es 229
5.3 Normal Distributi ons: Findi ng Values 237 Case Study: Birth Weights in Ameri ca 245
5.4 Sampling Distributions and the Central LimitTheorem 246
5.5 NormalApproximations to Binomial Distributions 259 Uses and Abuses 269 Chapter Summary 270 Review Exerci ses 271 Chapter Quiz 275 Real Statistics-Real Decisions-Putting It All Together 276 Technology:Age Distribution in the United States 277
Confidence Intervals 278
Where You've Been 279 Where You're Going 279
6.1 Confidence Interval s for the Mean (Large Samples) 280 Case Study: Shoulder Heights of Appalachian Black Bears 294
6.2 Confidence Intervals for the Mean (Small Samples) 295
6.3 Confidence Interval s for Population Proportions 303
6.4 Confidence Interval s for Variance and Standard Deviation 312 Uses and Abuses 319 Chapter Summary 320 Review Exerci ses 321 Chapter Quiz 325 Real Statistics-Real Decisions-Putting It All Together 326 Technology: Most Admired Polls 327 Using Technology to Construct Confidence Intervals 328
CONTENTS
Hypothesis Testing with One Sample 330
Where You've Been 331 Where You're Going 331
7.1 Introduction to Hypothesis Testing 332
7.2 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (Large Samples) 347 Case Study:Human Body Temperature: What's Normal? 363
7.3 Hypothesis Testing for the Mean (Small Samples) 364
7.4 Hypothesis Testing for Proport ions 374
7.5 Hypothesis Testing for Variance and Standard Deviation 380 Uses and Abuses 389 A Summary of Hypothesis Testing 390 Chapter Summary 392 Review Exerci ses 393 Chapter Quiz 397 Real Statistics- Real Decisions-PuttingItAll Together 398 Technology: The Case of the Vanishing Women 399 Using Technology to Perf orm Hypothesis Tests 400
Hypothesis Testing with Two Samples 402
Where You've Been 403 Where You're Going 403
8.1 Testing the Diff erence Between Means 404
(Large Independent Samples) Case Study: DASH Diet and Blood Pressure 415
8.2 Testing the Diff erence Between Means 416 (Small Independent Samples)
8.3 Testing the Diff erence Between Means 425 (Dependent Samples)
8.4 Testing the Diff erence Between Proport ions 437 Uses and Abuses 445
Chapter Summary 446 Review Exerci ses 447 Chapter Quiz 451 Real Statistics- Real Decisions-PuttingItAll Together 452 Technology: Tails Over Heads 453
vii i CONTENTS
Using Technology to Perform Two-Sample Hypothesis Tests 454
Correlation and Regression 456
Where You've Been 457 Where You're Going 457
9.1 Correl ation 458
9.2 Linear Regression 474 Case Study: Correl ation of Body Measurements 483
9.3 Measures of Regression and Predi ction Intervals 484
9.4 Multiple Regression 494 Uses and Abuses 499 Chapter Summary 500 Review Exercises 501 Chapter Quiz 505 Real Statistics-Real Decisions-Putting It All Together 506 Technology: Nutrie nts in Breakfast Cereals 507
Chi-Square Tests and the F-Distribution 508
Where You've Been 509 Where You're Going 509
10.1 Goodness of Fit 510
10.2 Independence 521 Case Study: Traffic Safety Facts 532
10.3 Comparing Two Variances 533
10.4 Analysis of Vari ance 542 Uses and Abuses 555 Chapter Summary 556 Review Exercises 557 Chapter Quiz 561 Real Statisti cs-Real Decisions- Putting It All Together 562 Technology: Teacher Salari es 563
CONTENTS
Nonparametric Tests
564
Where You've Been
565
Where You're Going
565
11.1
The Sign Test
566
11.2
The Wilc oxon Tests
577
Case Study: Earni ngs by College Degree
586
11.3
The Kruska l-Wal lis Test
587
11.4
Rank Corre lati on
593
11.5
The Runs Test
599
Uses and Abuses
607
Chapter Summary
608
Review Exercises
609
Chapter Quiz
613
Real Statisti cs- Real Decisions- Putting It All Together
614
Technology: U.S. Income and Economic Research
615
Appendices
Appendix A Alternative Pres entation of the Standard Normal Distribut ion
A1
Standard Normal Distributi on Table (0-to-z)
A1
Alternative Presentation of the Standard Normal Distri bution
A2
Appendix B Tables
A7
Table 1 Random Numbers
A7
Table 2 Binomial Distributi on
A8
Table 3 Poi sson Distribut ion
A11
Table 4 Standard Normal Distri bution
A16
Table 5 t-Distribut ion
A18
Table 6 Chi-Square Distributi on
A19
Table 7 F-Dist ributi on
A20
Table 8 Cri tical Values for the Sign Test
A25
Table 9 Cri tical Values for the Wil coxon Signed-Rank Test
A26
Table 10 Cri tical Values for the Spearman Rank Corre lati on
A27
Table 11 Cri tical Values for the Pearson Correlat ion Coefficient
A28
Table 12 Cri tical Values for the Number of Runs
A29
Answers to the Try It Yourself Exerci ses
A30
Answers to the Odd-N umbered Exercis es
A47
Instruc tor's Answers to Selected Even-Num bered Exercis es
A89
Index
I1