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简介
This new book is intended to assist senior undergraduates and post-graduate students design their own experiments and establish a research program in plant population ecology. Practical advice is provided on how to set up a research program, how to ask pertinent questions and use science process skills in conducting research. Individual chapters cover facets of experimental design, statistics, experimental variables and treatments, measurements of plants and their environment, spatial pattern analysis, life tables, and modelling. Numerous citations to the current research literature are provided, and four case studies are referred to throughout the book to illustrate the use of methodology. The book provides guidance for researchers so that they can critically evaluate the problem they are addressing, and determine the most suitable approach. The book will be of value to teachers who are developing field and laboratory modules in population ecology. * A user-friendly primer on the methodology of plant population ecology research. * Describes what sort of experiments to use, how to design them, and how to interpret, analyse, and report the results. * Designed for enquiry-based courses where students are asked to design and conduct their own experiments.
目录
What is plant population ecology?
Scope of plant population ecology p. 3
Plant populations p. 4
History of plant population ecology p. 5
Goals of plant population ecology p. 6
Four case studies p. 9
Follow-up exercises p. 20
Planning a study
The question and approach p. 23
How do you frame an important question? p. 24
Ways of addressing the question p. 30
Alternatives to classical hypothesis testing: likelihood analysis and Bayesian analysis p. 33
What should you measure? Ecological variables p. 35
The importance of pilot studies p. 41
Follow-up exercises p. 43
Basic considerations in experimental design p. 44
Design considerations: experiments and observations p. 46
Where and how should you conduct your study? Choosing sites, plots, and plants p. 51
Statistical issues in conducting experiments p. 61
Follow-up exercises p. 76
Planning, choosing, and using statistics p. 77
Choosing the right statistical test p. 82
Different kinds of distributions p. 83
Goodness of fit tests, contingency tables, checking and correcting for normality p. 86
Correlation and regression; relations between data sets p. 90
Looking for differences between samples p. 96
Multivariate techniques for ordering and classifying samples p. 112
Reporting statistics p. 117
Case studies p. 119
Doing the study
Experimental treatments p. 125
What are experimental treatments? p. 126
Growing plants p. 127
Biotic treatments p. 130
Abiotic treatments p. 147
Interactions between plants p. 159
Follow-up exercises p. 165
Measuring individual and population parameters p. 167
The value of making repeated measurements p. 171
Locating and marking population units p. 172
Morphological measurements p. 179
Measurements of seeds and other dispersal units p. 183
Physiological measurements p. 194
Molecular measurements p. 208
Indices for expressing plant growth p. 213
Fitness, fecundity, and reproductive effort p. 219
Follow-up exercises p. 222
Abiotic and biotic measurements of a plant's environment p. 223
The biotic environment p. 224
The abiotic environment p. 232
Assessing the importance of spatial variation in the environment on plant performance within populations p. 247
Follow-up exercises p. 250
Spatial patterns, life tables, and modelling p. 251
Spatial pattern analysis p. 254
Life tables and matrix models p. 272
Cellular automata and individual-based population models p. 292
Follow-up exercises p. 300
Appendix p. 301
References p. 303
Animal index p. 337
Plant index p. 337
Subject index p. 340
Scope of plant population ecology p. 3
Plant populations p. 4
History of plant population ecology p. 5
Goals of plant population ecology p. 6
Four case studies p. 9
Follow-up exercises p. 20
Planning a study
The question and approach p. 23
How do you frame an important question? p. 24
Ways of addressing the question p. 30
Alternatives to classical hypothesis testing: likelihood analysis and Bayesian analysis p. 33
What should you measure? Ecological variables p. 35
The importance of pilot studies p. 41
Follow-up exercises p. 43
Basic considerations in experimental design p. 44
Design considerations: experiments and observations p. 46
Where and how should you conduct your study? Choosing sites, plots, and plants p. 51
Statistical issues in conducting experiments p. 61
Follow-up exercises p. 76
Planning, choosing, and using statistics p. 77
Choosing the right statistical test p. 82
Different kinds of distributions p. 83
Goodness of fit tests, contingency tables, checking and correcting for normality p. 86
Correlation and regression; relations between data sets p. 90
Looking for differences between samples p. 96
Multivariate techniques for ordering and classifying samples p. 112
Reporting statistics p. 117
Case studies p. 119
Doing the study
Experimental treatments p. 125
What are experimental treatments? p. 126
Growing plants p. 127
Biotic treatments p. 130
Abiotic treatments p. 147
Interactions between plants p. 159
Follow-up exercises p. 165
Measuring individual and population parameters p. 167
The value of making repeated measurements p. 171
Locating and marking population units p. 172
Morphological measurements p. 179
Measurements of seeds and other dispersal units p. 183
Physiological measurements p. 194
Molecular measurements p. 208
Indices for expressing plant growth p. 213
Fitness, fecundity, and reproductive effort p. 219
Follow-up exercises p. 222
Abiotic and biotic measurements of a plant's environment p. 223
The biotic environment p. 224
The abiotic environment p. 232
Assessing the importance of spatial variation in the environment on plant performance within populations p. 247
Follow-up exercises p. 250
Spatial patterns, life tables, and modelling p. 251
Spatial pattern analysis p. 254
Life tables and matrix models p. 272
Cellular automata and individual-based population models p. 292
Follow-up exercises p. 300
Appendix p. 301
References p. 303
Animal index p. 337
Plant index p. 337
Subject index p. 340
Methods in comparative plant population ecology /
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