Table Of Contents:
Preface xiii
Authors xvii

Fabrication Processes 1(1)

Types of Processes 1(1)

Tooling for Plastics Procesing 1(3)

Types of Mold 2(1)

Types of Dies 2(1)

Tool Desing 3(1)

Compression Molding 4(2)

Open Flash 5(1)

Fully Positive 5(1)

Semipsiove 5(1)

Process Applicability 5(1)

Transfer Molding 6(4)

Ejection of Molding 8(1)

Heating System 8(1)

Types of Presses 9(1)

Preheating 10(1)

Flash Removal 10(1)

Flash Removal 10(1)

Injection Molding of Thermoplasitics 10(11)

Types of Intjection Units 13(1)

Clamping Units 13(1)

Molds 13(1)

Mold Designs 13(1)

Number of DMold Cavities 13(2)

Runners 15(1)

Gating 15(2)

Venting 17(1)

Parting Line 17(1)

Cooling 17(1)

Ejection 17(1)

Standard Mold Bases 18(1)

Sttuctural Foam Injectjion Molding 18(1)

CO-Injectjion (Saddwich) Molding 18(2)

Gas-Assisted Injection Moilding 20(1)

Injectjion Molding of Thermosetting Resins 21(1)

Screw-Injection Molding of Thernmosetting Resins 21(1)

Extrusion 22(12)

Extruder Capacity 23(1)

Extruder Design and Operation 24(1)

Typical Screw Construction 24(1)

Screw Zones 24(1)

Motor Drive 25(1)

Heating 25(1)

Screw Design 25(3)

Multiple-Screw Extruders 28(1)

Blown-Film Extrusion 28(1)

Flat Film or Sheet Extrusion 29(3)

Pipe or Tube Extrusion 32(1)

Wire and Cable Coverings 33(1)

Extrusion Coating 33(1)

Profile Extrusion 34(1)

Blow Molding 34(3)

Extrusion Blow Molding 35(1)

Injection Blow Molding 35(2)

Blow Molds 37(1)

Calendering 37(1)

Spinning of Fibers 38(4)

Melt Spinning 39(1)

Dry Spinning 40(1)

Wet Spinning 40(2)

Cold Drawing of Fibers 42(1)

Thermoforming 42(2)

Vacuum Forming 42(1)

Pressure Forming 42(1)

Mechanical Forming 43(1)

Casting Processes 44(3)

Simple Casting 44(1)

Plastisol Casting 45(1)

Dip Casting 46(1)

Slush Casting 46(1)

Rotational Casting 47(1)

Reinforcing Processes 47(15)

Molding Methods 47(1)

Hand Lay-Up or Contact Molding 48(1)

Spray-Up 49(1)

Matched Metal Molding 49(1)

Vacuum-Bag Molding 50(1)

Pressure-Bag Molding 50(1)

Continuous Pultrusion 50(1)

Filament Winding 50(2)

Prepreg Molding 52(3)

Fibrous Reinforcements 55(1)

Glass Fibers 55(1)

Graphite Carbon Fibers 56(1)

Fiber Manufacture 57(2)

Properties and Applications 59(1)

Aramid Fibers 59(1)

Applications 60(1)

Extended-Chain Polyethylene Fibers 60(2)

Reaction Injectction Molding 62(3)

Machinery 64(1)

Polyurethanes 64(1)

Nylons 65(1)

Structural Reaction Injection Molding 65(1)

Applications 66(1)

Resin Transfer Molding 66(1)

Foamaing Processes 67(21)

Rigid Foam Blowing Agents 69(1)

Polystyrene Foams 69(1)

Extruded Polystyrene Foam 70(1)

Expandable Polystyrene 70(1)

Structural Foams 71(1)

Polyolefin Foams 72(4)

Polyurethane Foams 76(1)

Flexible Polyurethane Foams 76(3)

Rigid and Semirigid Foams 79(1)

Foamed Rubber 80(1)

Epoxy Resins 80(1)

Urea-Formaldehyde Foams 81(1)

Silicone Foams 82(1)

Phenolic Foams 83(1)

Poly (Vinyl Choloride) Foams 83(3)

Special Foams 86(2)

Rubber Compounding and Processing Technology 88(16)

Compounding Ingredients 88(6)

Processing Aids 94(1)

Fillers 95(1)

Mastication and Mixing 96(1)

Open Mill 96(1)

Internal Batch Mixers 97(2)

Reclaimed Rubber 99(1)

Some Major Rubber Products 100(1)

Tires 100(2)

Belting and Hoses 102(2)

Cellular Rubber Products 104(1)

Miscellaneous Processing Techniques 104(11)

Coating Processes 104(2)

Fluidized Bed Coating 106(1)

Spray Coating 106(1)

Electrostatic Spraying 106(1)

Powder Molding of Thermoplastics 107(1)

Static (Sinter) Molding 107(1)

Rotational Molding 107(1)

Centrifugal Casting 108(1)

Adhesive Bonding of Plastics 108(1)

Solvent Cementing 109(1)

Adhesive Bonding 110(1)

Joining of Specific Plastics 110(4)

Welding 114(1)

Hot-Gas Welding 114(1)

Fusion Welding 114(1)

Friction Welding 115(1)

High-Frequency Welding 115(1)

Ultrasonic Welding 115(1)

Decoration of Plastics 115(1)

Painting 116(1)

Printing 116(1)

Gravure Printing 116(1)

Flexography 117(1)

Screen Process Printing 117(1)

Pad Printing 117(1)

Hot Stamping 117(1)

In-Mold Decorating 118(1)

Embossing 118(1)

Electroplating 119(1)

Vacuum Metallizing 119(1)

References 120

Recycling of Polymers 1(1)

Introduction 1(1)

Outline of Recycling Methods 2(6)

Recycling of Poly (Ethylene Terephthalate) 8(7)

Direct Reuse 8(1)

Reuse after Modification 9(1)

Glycolysis 10(2)

Methanolysis 12(1)

Ammonolysis 12(1)

Hydrolysis 12(1)

Depolymerization in Supercritical Fluids 13(1)

Enzymatic Depolymerization 13(1)

Incineration 14(1)

Recycling of Polyurethanes 15(4)

Thermopressing Process 15(1)

Kneader Process 16(1)

Hydrolysis 17(1)

Glycolysis 17(1)

Ammonolysis 17(2)

Recycling of Poly (Vinyl Chloride) 19(4)

Characterization of Used PVC 19(1)

In-Line PVC Scrap 20(2)

PVC Floor Coverings 22(1)

PVC Roofing Sheets 22(1)

Post-Consumer PVC 22(1)

Recycling of Cured Epoxies 23(1)

Recycling of Mixed Plastics Waste 23(5)

Direct Reuse 24(3)

Homogeneous Fractions 27(1)

Liquefaction of Mixed Plastics 27(1)

Post-Consumer Polyethylene Films 28(1)

Recycling of Ground Rubber Tires 29(2)

Recycling of Car Batteries 31(1)

Plastic Recycling Equipment and Machinery 31(10)

Plastocopactor 32(1)

Debaling and Initial Size Reduction 32(1)

Shredder 33(1)

Cutter or Guillotine 33(1)

Screw Shredder 33(1)

Granulators 33(1)

Fine Grinding 34(1)

Cleaning and Selection 34(1)

Dry Separation 35(1)

Wet Separation 36(1)

Other Methods 37(1)

Resin Detectors: Type and Configuration 37(2)

Automatic Sortation 39(1)

PVC/PET and Commingled Plastics Sortation 39(2)

Recycle Installations 41(1)

References 41

Appendices

Index of Trade Names and Suppliers of Foaming Agents 1(1)

Formulations of Polyurethane Foams 1(1)

Formulations of Selected PVC Compounds 1(1)

Formulations of Selected Rubber Compounds 1(1)

Commercial Polymer Blends and Alloys 1(1)
Index 1