简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
Seeking to explain multimedia signal processing with a minimum of technical detail, this textbook describes the core techniques and systems. It outlines key concepts and provides a mathematical-analytical framework for signal processing. Particular attention is given to compression techniques. The text assumes a familiarity with discrete time signals and systems, especially sampling theory, analog- digital conversion, digital filter theory, and Fourier transform. A companion CD-ROM features MATLAB codes and test data samples relating to audio, image, and video. Mandal teaches at the University of Alberta. Annotation (c) Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
Publisher Summary 2
Multimedia Signals and Systemsis primarily a technical introductory level multimedia textbook, including problems, examples, and MATLAB庐 codes. It will be a stepping-stone for readers who want to research in audio processing, image and video processing, and data compression.
This book will also be useful to readers who are carrying out research and development in systems areas such as television engineering and storage media.
Anyone who seeks to learn the core multimedia signal processing techniques and systems will need Multimedia Signals and Systems. There are many chapters that are generic in nature and provide key concepts of multimedia systems to technical as well as non-technical persons.
There are also several chapters that provide a mathematical/ analytical framework for basic multimedia signal processing. The readers are expected to have some prior knowledge about discrete signals and systems, such as Fourier transform and digital filters. However, a brief review of these theories is provided. Additional material聽for this book,聽including several MATLAB庐 codes along with a few test data samples; e.g., audio, image and video may be downloaded from http://extras.springer.com.
目录
1. Introduction p. 1
1.1. Development of Multimedia Systems p. 2
1.2. Classification of Media p. 3
1.3. Properties of Multimedia Systems p. 5
1.4. Multimedia Computing p. 6
1.5. Different Aspects of Multimedia
References p. 9
Questions p. 9
Part I Multimedia Signals
2. Audio Fundamentals p. 11
2.1 Characteristics of Sound p. 11
2.2 The Human Auditory System p. 14
2.3 Audio Recording p. 18
2.4 Audio Signal Representation p. 23
2.4.1 Waveform method p. 23
2.4.2 Musical Instrument Digital Interface p. 24
References p. 30
Questions p. 31
3. The Human Visual System and Perception p. 33
3.1 Introduction p. 33
3.2 The Human Visual System p. 34
3.2.1 Relative Luminous Efficiency p. 36
3.2.2 Weber's Law p. 37
3.2.3 Modulation Transfer Function p. 38
3.2.4 HVS Model p. 42
3.3 Color Representation p. 42
3.3.1 Three-Receptor Model p. 42
3.3.2 Color Matching p. 44
3.3.3 Tristimulus Value p. 45
3.3.4 Chromaticity Diagram p. 47
3.3.5 Color Models and Transformation of Primaries p. 48
3.3.5.1 NTSC Receiver Primary p. 49
3.3.5.2 NTSC Transmission System p. 50
3.3.5.3 1960 CIE-UCS Color coordinates p. 53
3.3.5.4 CMY Model p. 54
3.4 Temporal Properties of Vision p. 54
References p. 55
Questions p. 56
4. Multimedia Data Acquisition p. 57
4.1 Sampling of Audio Signals p. 57
4.2 Sampling of Two-Dimensional Images p. 63
4.3 Anti-Aliasing Filters p. 67
4.4 Digitization of Audio Signals p. 70
4.4.1 Analog to Digital Conversion p. 71
4.4.2 Audio Fidelity Criteria p. 75
4.4.3 MIDI versus Digital Audio p. 78
4.5 Digitization of Images p. 79
4.5.1 Visual Fidelity Measures p. 79
References p. 81
Questions p. 81
Part II Signal Processing and Compression
5. Transforms and Subband Decomposition p. 83
5.1 1-D Unitary Transform p. 84
5.2 1-D Discrete Fourier Transform p. 85
5.3 1-D Discrete Cosine Transform p. 90
5.4 Digital Filtering and Subband Analysis p. 93
5.4.1 Digital Filters p. 93
5.4.2 Subband Analysis p. 97
5.4.3 Transforms and Digital Filtering p. 103
5.5 1-D Discrete Wavelet Transform p. 104
5.6 2-D Unitary Transform p. 109
5.7 2-D Discrete Fourier Transform p. 111
5.8 2-D Discrete Cosine Transform p. 114
5.9 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform p. 116
References p. 118
Questions p. 119
6. Text Representation and Compression p. 121
6.1 Text Representation p. 121
6.2 Principles of Text Compression p. 124
6.3 Statistical Redundancy p. 124
6.3.1 Probability Density Function and Entropy p. 125
6.3.2 Shannon's Noiseless Source Coding Theorem p. 127
6.3.3 Huffman Coding p. 129
6.3.4 Arithmetic Coding p. 133
6.4 Dictionary-based Compression p. 137
6.4.1 LZ77 Technique p. 138
6.4.2 LZ78 Technique p. 140
6.5 Summary p. 143
References p. 143
Questions p. 144
7. Digital Audio Compression p. 145
7.1 Audio Compression Principles p. 145
7.1.1 Rate Distortion Function p. 147
7.2 Statistical Redundancy p. 148
7.2.1 Companding and Expanding p. 149
7.3 Temporal Redundancy p. 151
7.4 Perceptual Audio Coding p. 156
7.5 Audio Compression Standards p. 158
7.6 MPEG-1 Audio Compression Standard p. 159
7.7 MPEG-2 Audio Compression Standard p. 162
7.8 AC Audio Compression Standards p. 163
7.9 Comparison of Compression Algorithms p. 165
7.10 Audio Formats p. 166
References p. 166
Questions p. 167
8. Digital Image Compression Techniques p. 169
8.1 Principles of Image Compression p. 169
8.2 Low Complexity Compression Techniques p. 170
8.2.1 Entropy Coding p. 170
8.2.2 Run-length Coding p. 171
8.2.3 Predictive Coding p. 173
8.3 Transform Coding p. 175
8.3 Transform Coding p. 175
8.3.1 Unitary Transform p. 176
8.3.2 Block Transform p. 177
8.3.3 Wavelet Coding p. 179
8.3.4 Comparison of DCT and Wavelets p. 180
8.4 Other Coding Techniques p. 182
8.4.1 Vector Quantization p. 183
8.4.2 Fractal Image Compression p. 184
8.5 Image Compression Standards p. 185
8.6 The JPEG Image Compression Standard p. 186
8.6.1 Baseline Sequential Mode p. 186
8.6.2 Other JPEG Modes p. 192
8.7 The JPEG 2000 Standard p. 193
8.8 Image Formats p. 199
References p. 200
Questions p. 201
9. Digital Video Compression Techniques p. 203
9.1 Principles of Video Compression p. 203
9.2 Digital Video and Color Redundancy p. 204
9.3 Temporal Redundancy Reduction p. 207
9.4 Block-based Motion Estimation p. 209
9.4.1 Fast Motion Estimation Algorithms p. 214
9.5 Video Compression Standards p. 221
9.5.1 Motion JPEG p. 222
9.5.2 The MPEG-1 Video Compression Standard p. 222
9.5.3 The MPEG-2 Video Compression Standard p. 224
9.5.4 The MPEG-4 Video Compression Standard p. 226
9.5.4.1 Video Coding Scheme p. 228
9.5.5 The H.261 Video Compression Standard p. 231
9.5.6 H.263, H.263+ and H.26L Standards p. 231
9.5.7 Comparison of Standard Codecs p. 232
References p. 235
Questions p. 236
10. Digital Audio Processing p. 239
10.1 Audio Filtering Techniques p. 239
10.2 Audio Equalization p. 241
10.3 Audio Enhancement p. 245
10.3.1 Noise Suppression by Digital Filtering p. 246
10.3.2 Spectral Subtraction Method p. 248
10.4 Editing MIDI Files p. 252
10.5 Digital Audio and MIDI Editing Tools p. 254
References p. 255
Questions p. 256
11. Digital Image and Video Processing p. 257
11.1 Basic Image Processing Tools p. 257
11.1.1 Image Resizing p. 257
11.1.2 Cropping p. 260
11.2 Image Enhancement Techniques p. 261
11.2.1 Brightness and Contrast Improvement p. 261
11.2.1.1 Contrast Stretching p. 262
11.2.1.2 Histogram Equalization p. 265
11.2.2 Image Sharpening p. 266
11.3 Digital Video p. 267
11.3.1 Special Effects and Gradual Transition p. 269
11.3.1.1 Wipe p. 269
11.3.1.2 Dissolve p. 272
11.3.1.3 Fade In/Out p. 272
11.3.2 Video Segmentation p. 273
11.3.2.1 Camera Operations p. 279
11.4 Image and Video Editing Softwares p. 280
11.5 Summary p. 280
References p. 281
Questions p. 282
Part III Multimedia Systems
12. Analog and Digital Television p. 283
12.1 Analog Television Standards p. 283
12.2 Raster Scanning p. 285
12.3 Color Space for TV Transmission p. 286
12.3.1 NTSC System p. 288
12.3.2 PAL System p. 289
12.4 NTSC Television System p. 291
12.4.1 Channel Assignment p. 291
12.4.2 NTSC Encoder and Decoder p. 293
12.5 Component and S-Video p. 295
12.6 Digital Television p. 296
12.6.1 Grand Alliance HDTV Standard p. 299
References p. 303
Questions p. 304
13. Content Creation and Management p. 305
13.1 Multimedia Authoring p. 305
13.1.1 Authoring Steps p. 306
13.2 Multimedia Authoring Tools p. 308
13.2.1 Card/Page-Based Tools p. 309
13.2.2 Icon-Based Tools p. 310
13.2.3 Time-Based Tools p. 311
13.2.4 Object Oriented Tools p. 312
13.3 Multimedia Documents p. 313
13.4 Hepertext and Hypermedia p. 315
13.4.1 Nonlinear Information Chain p. 315
13.4.2 Hypertext and Hypermedia Systems p. 316
13.4.3 Mark-up Languages p. 317
13.4.4 HTML p. 318
13.4.5 XML p. 321
13.5 Web Authoring Tools p. 323
13.6 Multimedia Standards p. 325
13.6.1 The MPEG-7 Standard p. 326
13.6.2 The MPEG-21 Standard p. 328
13.6.3 The MHEG Standard p. 329
13.7 Summary p. 329
References p. 330
Questions p. 330
14. Optical Storage Media p. 333
14.1 Physical Medium p. 334
14.1.1 Cross-section of a CD p. 334
14.1.2 Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) p. 335
14.1.3 Physical Formats and Speeds p. 336
14.1.4 Playback of CD and DVD p. 337
14.1.5 CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW p. 340
14.1.6 Advantages of Optical Technology p. 342
14.2 CD and DVD Standards p. 342
14.2.4 Video CD and DVD-Video Standards p. 348
References p. 350
Questions p. 350
15. Electronic Displays p. 351
15.1 Important Display Parameters p. 351
15.2 Cathode-Ray Tube p. 353
15.3 Field Emission Display p. 355
15.4 Plasma Display p. 357
15.5 Liquid Crystal Display p. 360
15.6 Digital Micromirror Display p. 363
References p. 365
Questions p. 366
Appendix About the CD-ROM p. 367
Index p. 371
1.1. Development of Multimedia Systems p. 2
1.2. Classification of Media p. 3
1.3. Properties of Multimedia Systems p. 5
1.4. Multimedia Computing p. 6
1.5. Different Aspects of Multimedia
References p. 9
Questions p. 9
Part I Multimedia Signals
2. Audio Fundamentals p. 11
2.1 Characteristics of Sound p. 11
2.2 The Human Auditory System p. 14
2.3 Audio Recording p. 18
2.4 Audio Signal Representation p. 23
2.4.1 Waveform method p. 23
2.4.2 Musical Instrument Digital Interface p. 24
References p. 30
Questions p. 31
3. The Human Visual System and Perception p. 33
3.1 Introduction p. 33
3.2 The Human Visual System p. 34
3.2.1 Relative Luminous Efficiency p. 36
3.2.2 Weber's Law p. 37
3.2.3 Modulation Transfer Function p. 38
3.2.4 HVS Model p. 42
3.3 Color Representation p. 42
3.3.1 Three-Receptor Model p. 42
3.3.2 Color Matching p. 44
3.3.3 Tristimulus Value p. 45
3.3.4 Chromaticity Diagram p. 47
3.3.5 Color Models and Transformation of Primaries p. 48
3.3.5.1 NTSC Receiver Primary p. 49
3.3.5.2 NTSC Transmission System p. 50
3.3.5.3 1960 CIE-UCS Color coordinates p. 53
3.3.5.4 CMY Model p. 54
3.4 Temporal Properties of Vision p. 54
References p. 55
Questions p. 56
4. Multimedia Data Acquisition p. 57
4.1 Sampling of Audio Signals p. 57
4.2 Sampling of Two-Dimensional Images p. 63
4.3 Anti-Aliasing Filters p. 67
4.4 Digitization of Audio Signals p. 70
4.4.1 Analog to Digital Conversion p. 71
4.4.2 Audio Fidelity Criteria p. 75
4.4.3 MIDI versus Digital Audio p. 78
4.5 Digitization of Images p. 79
4.5.1 Visual Fidelity Measures p. 79
References p. 81
Questions p. 81
Part II Signal Processing and Compression
5. Transforms and Subband Decomposition p. 83
5.1 1-D Unitary Transform p. 84
5.2 1-D Discrete Fourier Transform p. 85
5.3 1-D Discrete Cosine Transform p. 90
5.4 Digital Filtering and Subband Analysis p. 93
5.4.1 Digital Filters p. 93
5.4.2 Subband Analysis p. 97
5.4.3 Transforms and Digital Filtering p. 103
5.5 1-D Discrete Wavelet Transform p. 104
5.6 2-D Unitary Transform p. 109
5.7 2-D Discrete Fourier Transform p. 111
5.8 2-D Discrete Cosine Transform p. 114
5.9 2-D Discrete Wavelet Transform p. 116
References p. 118
Questions p. 119
6. Text Representation and Compression p. 121
6.1 Text Representation p. 121
6.2 Principles of Text Compression p. 124
6.3 Statistical Redundancy p. 124
6.3.1 Probability Density Function and Entropy p. 125
6.3.2 Shannon's Noiseless Source Coding Theorem p. 127
6.3.3 Huffman Coding p. 129
6.3.4 Arithmetic Coding p. 133
6.4 Dictionary-based Compression p. 137
6.4.1 LZ77 Technique p. 138
6.4.2 LZ78 Technique p. 140
6.5 Summary p. 143
References p. 143
Questions p. 144
7. Digital Audio Compression p. 145
7.1 Audio Compression Principles p. 145
7.1.1 Rate Distortion Function p. 147
7.2 Statistical Redundancy p. 148
7.2.1 Companding and Expanding p. 149
7.3 Temporal Redundancy p. 151
7.4 Perceptual Audio Coding p. 156
7.5 Audio Compression Standards p. 158
7.6 MPEG-1 Audio Compression Standard p. 159
7.7 MPEG-2 Audio Compression Standard p. 162
7.8 AC Audio Compression Standards p. 163
7.9 Comparison of Compression Algorithms p. 165
7.10 Audio Formats p. 166
References p. 166
Questions p. 167
8. Digital Image Compression Techniques p. 169
8.1 Principles of Image Compression p. 169
8.2 Low Complexity Compression Techniques p. 170
8.2.1 Entropy Coding p. 170
8.2.2 Run-length Coding p. 171
8.2.3 Predictive Coding p. 173
8.3 Transform Coding p. 175
8.3 Transform Coding p. 175
8.3.1 Unitary Transform p. 176
8.3.2 Block Transform p. 177
8.3.3 Wavelet Coding p. 179
8.3.4 Comparison of DCT and Wavelets p. 180
8.4 Other Coding Techniques p. 182
8.4.1 Vector Quantization p. 183
8.4.2 Fractal Image Compression p. 184
8.5 Image Compression Standards p. 185
8.6 The JPEG Image Compression Standard p. 186
8.6.1 Baseline Sequential Mode p. 186
8.6.2 Other JPEG Modes p. 192
8.7 The JPEG 2000 Standard p. 193
8.8 Image Formats p. 199
References p. 200
Questions p. 201
9. Digital Video Compression Techniques p. 203
9.1 Principles of Video Compression p. 203
9.2 Digital Video and Color Redundancy p. 204
9.3 Temporal Redundancy Reduction p. 207
9.4 Block-based Motion Estimation p. 209
9.4.1 Fast Motion Estimation Algorithms p. 214
9.5 Video Compression Standards p. 221
9.5.1 Motion JPEG p. 222
9.5.2 The MPEG-1 Video Compression Standard p. 222
9.5.3 The MPEG-2 Video Compression Standard p. 224
9.5.4 The MPEG-4 Video Compression Standard p. 226
9.5.4.1 Video Coding Scheme p. 228
9.5.5 The H.261 Video Compression Standard p. 231
9.5.6 H.263, H.263+ and H.26L Standards p. 231
9.5.7 Comparison of Standard Codecs p. 232
References p. 235
Questions p. 236
10. Digital Audio Processing p. 239
10.1 Audio Filtering Techniques p. 239
10.2 Audio Equalization p. 241
10.3 Audio Enhancement p. 245
10.3.1 Noise Suppression by Digital Filtering p. 246
10.3.2 Spectral Subtraction Method p. 248
10.4 Editing MIDI Files p. 252
10.5 Digital Audio and MIDI Editing Tools p. 254
References p. 255
Questions p. 256
11. Digital Image and Video Processing p. 257
11.1 Basic Image Processing Tools p. 257
11.1.1 Image Resizing p. 257
11.1.2 Cropping p. 260
11.2 Image Enhancement Techniques p. 261
11.2.1 Brightness and Contrast Improvement p. 261
11.2.1.1 Contrast Stretching p. 262
11.2.1.2 Histogram Equalization p. 265
11.2.2 Image Sharpening p. 266
11.3 Digital Video p. 267
11.3.1 Special Effects and Gradual Transition p. 269
11.3.1.1 Wipe p. 269
11.3.1.2 Dissolve p. 272
11.3.1.3 Fade In/Out p. 272
11.3.2 Video Segmentation p. 273
11.3.2.1 Camera Operations p. 279
11.4 Image and Video Editing Softwares p. 280
11.5 Summary p. 280
References p. 281
Questions p. 282
Part III Multimedia Systems
12. Analog and Digital Television p. 283
12.1 Analog Television Standards p. 283
12.2 Raster Scanning p. 285
12.3 Color Space for TV Transmission p. 286
12.3.1 NTSC System p. 288
12.3.2 PAL System p. 289
12.4 NTSC Television System p. 291
12.4.1 Channel Assignment p. 291
12.4.2 NTSC Encoder and Decoder p. 293
12.5 Component and S-Video p. 295
12.6 Digital Television p. 296
12.6.1 Grand Alliance HDTV Standard p. 299
References p. 303
Questions p. 304
13. Content Creation and Management p. 305
13.1 Multimedia Authoring p. 305
13.1.1 Authoring Steps p. 306
13.2 Multimedia Authoring Tools p. 308
13.2.1 Card/Page-Based Tools p. 309
13.2.2 Icon-Based Tools p. 310
13.2.3 Time-Based Tools p. 311
13.2.4 Object Oriented Tools p. 312
13.3 Multimedia Documents p. 313
13.4 Hepertext and Hypermedia p. 315
13.4.1 Nonlinear Information Chain p. 315
13.4.2 Hypertext and Hypermedia Systems p. 316
13.4.3 Mark-up Languages p. 317
13.4.4 HTML p. 318
13.4.5 XML p. 321
13.5 Web Authoring Tools p. 323
13.6 Multimedia Standards p. 325
13.6.1 The MPEG-7 Standard p. 326
13.6.2 The MPEG-21 Standard p. 328
13.6.3 The MHEG Standard p. 329
13.7 Summary p. 329
References p. 330
Questions p. 330
14. Optical Storage Media p. 333
14.1 Physical Medium p. 334
14.1.1 Cross-section of a CD p. 334
14.1.2 Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) p. 335
14.1.3 Physical Formats and Speeds p. 336
14.1.4 Playback of CD and DVD p. 337
14.1.5 CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RW p. 340
14.1.6 Advantages of Optical Technology p. 342
14.2 CD and DVD Standards p. 342
14.2.4 Video CD and DVD-Video Standards p. 348
References p. 350
Questions p. 350
15. Electronic Displays p. 351
15.1 Important Display Parameters p. 351
15.2 Cathode-Ray Tube p. 353
15.3 Field Emission Display p. 355
15.4 Plasma Display p. 357
15.5 Liquid Crystal Display p. 360
15.6 Digital Micromirror Display p. 363
References p. 365
Questions p. 366
Appendix About the CD-ROM p. 367
Index p. 371
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