简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
William Bateson (1861-1926) began his academic career working on variation in animals in the light of evolutionary theory. He was inspired by the rediscovery in 1900 of the 1860s work on plant hybridisation by the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel to pursue further experimental work in what he named `genetics'. He realised that Mendel's results could help to solve difficult biological questions and controversies which others had glossed over, and to challenge the status quo in evolutionary studies. Annoyed by the `apathetic' stance of his evolutionist colleagues, and incensed by the Oxford professor Raphael Weldon's scathing critique of Mendel in a journal article, Bateson incorporated an English translation of Mendel's work into this 1902 book along with a thorough defence of Mendel's statistical experiments and the principles of heredity derived from them. His book is an impassioned appeal for scientists to adopt this `brilliant method' which he felt could revolutionise both scholarship and industry. This volume also contains, in an appendix, the original German texts of Mendel's Versuche iiber Pflanzenhybriden, as published in Leipzig in 1901.
Publisher Summary 2
Gregor Mendel's work on heredity in plants, a translation, and a passionate defence of it by 'the first geneticist'.
Publisher Summary 3
William Bateson (1861-1926) began his academic career working on variation in animals in the light of evolutionary theory. He was inspired by the rediscovery in 1900 of the 1860s work on plant hybridisation by the Austrian monk Gregor Mendel (included here as an appendix) to pursue further experimental work in what he named 'genetics'. He realised that Mendel's results could help to solve difficult biological questions and controversies and to challenge the status quo in evolutionary studies. Annoyed by the 'apathetic' stance of his evolutionist colleagues, and incensed by a scathing critique of Mendel by the Oxford professor Raphael Weldon, Bateson incorporated an English translation of Mendel's work into this 1902 book along with a defence of Mendel's statistical experiments and the principles of heredity derived from them. His book is an impassioned appeal for scientists to adopt this 'brilliant method' which he felt could revolutionise both scholarship and industry.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Introduction The Problems of Heredity and their Solution, pp. 1(39)
Preliminary statement of Mendel's principles 8(11)
Relation of Mendel's discovery to the law of Ancestral Heredity 19(4)
Heterozygote and Homozygote 23(3)
New conceptions necessitated by Mendel's discovery 26(1)
Simple alternative characters or allelomorphs 27(2)
Compound allelomorphs and their components 29(1)
Analytical Variations 29(3)
Relation of Mendel's principle to continuous variation 32(1)
Dominance 32(1)
Non-Mendelian phenomena 33(1)
False hybrids of Millardet 34(2)
Brief historical notice 36(4)
Mendel's Experiments in Plant Hybridisation, pp 40(56)
Introductory Remarks 40(2)
Selection of Experimental Plants 42(2)
Division and Arrangement of Experiments 44(1)
Characters selected 45(2)
Number of first crosses 47(1)
Possible sources of error 47(2)
Forms of the Hybrids 49(1)
Dominant and recessive 49(2)
First generation bred from the Hybrids 51(1)
Numbers of each form in offspring 52(3)
Second generation bred from the Hybrids 55(2)
Subsequent generations bred from the Hybrids 57(2)
Offspring of Hybrids in which several differentiating characters are associated 59(7)
The reproductive cells of the Hybrids 66(1)
Statement of Mendel's essential deductions 67(1)
Experiments to determine constitution of germcells 68(4)
Statement of purity of germ-cells 72(4)
Experiments with Phaseolus 76(4)
Compound characters 80(4)
Concluding Remarks 84(12)
Mendel's Experiments with Hieracium 96(8)
A Defence of Mendel's Principles of Heredity 104(104)
Introductory 104(4)
I The Mendelian Principle of Purity of Germ-cells and the Laws of Heredity Based on Ancestry 108(9)
II Mendel and the critic's version of Him. The Law of Dominance 117(2)
III The Facts in Regard to Dominance of Characters in Peas 119(18)
The normal characters: colours of cotyledons and seed-coats 120(2)
Shape 122(2)
Stability and variability 124(5)
Results of crossing in regard to seed-characters: normal and exceptional 129(3)
Analysis of exceptions 132(1)
The "mule" or heterozygote 133(4)
IV Professor Weldon's collection of "Other Evidence concerning Dominance in Peas."
A In regard to cotyledon colour: Preliminary 137(2)
Xenia 139(2)
(1) Gartner's cases 141(2)
(2) Seton's case 143(2)
(3) Tschermak's exceptions 145(1)
(3 a) Buchsbaum case 145(1)
(3 b) Telephone cases 146(1)
(3 c) Couturier cases 147(1)
B Seed-coats and Shapes
1 Seed-coats 148(2)
2 Seed-shapes
(a) Rimpau's cases 150(2)
(b) Tschermak's cases 152(1)
3 Other phenomena, especially regarding seed-shapes, in the case of "grey" peas. Modern evidence 153(5)
C Evidence of Knight and Laxton 158(11)
D Miscellaneous cases in other plants and animals
1 Stocks (Matthiola) Hoariness 169(1)
Flower-colour 170(2)
2 Datura 172(1)
3 Colours of Rats and Mice 173(5)
V Professor Weldon's Quotations from Laxton 178(5)
Illustration from Primula sinensis 182(1)
VI The Argument Bdilt on Exceptions 183(18)
Ancestry and Dominance 185(8)
Ancestry and purity of germ-cells 193(4)
The value of the appeal to Ancestry 197(4)
VII The Question of Absolute Purity of Germ-Cells 201(7)
Conclusion 208
Introduction The Problems of Heredity and their Solution, pp. 1(39)
Preliminary statement of Mendel's principles 8(11)
Relation of Mendel's discovery to the law of Ancestral Heredity 19(4)
Heterozygote and Homozygote 23(3)
New conceptions necessitated by Mendel's discovery 26(1)
Simple alternative characters or allelomorphs 27(2)
Compound allelomorphs and their components 29(1)
Analytical Variations 29(3)
Relation of Mendel's principle to continuous variation 32(1)
Dominance 32(1)
Non-Mendelian phenomena 33(1)
False hybrids of Millardet 34(2)
Brief historical notice 36(4)
Mendel's Experiments in Plant Hybridisation, pp 40(56)
Introductory Remarks 40(2)
Selection of Experimental Plants 42(2)
Division and Arrangement of Experiments 44(1)
Characters selected 45(2)
Number of first crosses 47(1)
Possible sources of error 47(2)
Forms of the Hybrids 49(1)
Dominant and recessive 49(2)
First generation bred from the Hybrids 51(1)
Numbers of each form in offspring 52(3)
Second generation bred from the Hybrids 55(2)
Subsequent generations bred from the Hybrids 57(2)
Offspring of Hybrids in which several differentiating characters are associated 59(7)
The reproductive cells of the Hybrids 66(1)
Statement of Mendel's essential deductions 67(1)
Experiments to determine constitution of germcells 68(4)
Statement of purity of germ-cells 72(4)
Experiments with Phaseolus 76(4)
Compound characters 80(4)
Concluding Remarks 84(12)
Mendel's Experiments with Hieracium 96(8)
A Defence of Mendel's Principles of Heredity 104(104)
Introductory 104(4)
I The Mendelian Principle of Purity of Germ-cells and the Laws of Heredity Based on Ancestry 108(9)
II Mendel and the critic's version of Him. The Law of Dominance 117(2)
III The Facts in Regard to Dominance of Characters in Peas 119(18)
The normal characters: colours of cotyledons and seed-coats 120(2)
Shape 122(2)
Stability and variability 124(5)
Results of crossing in regard to seed-characters: normal and exceptional 129(3)
Analysis of exceptions 132(1)
The "mule" or heterozygote 133(4)
IV Professor Weldon's collection of "Other Evidence concerning Dominance in Peas."
A In regard to cotyledon colour: Preliminary 137(2)
Xenia 139(2)
(1) Gartner's cases 141(2)
(2) Seton's case 143(2)
(3) Tschermak's exceptions 145(1)
(3 a) Buchsbaum case 145(1)
(3 b) Telephone cases 146(1)
(3 c) Couturier cases 147(1)
B Seed-coats and Shapes
1 Seed-coats 148(2)
2 Seed-shapes
(a) Rimpau's cases 150(2)
(b) Tschermak's cases 152(1)
3 Other phenomena, especially regarding seed-shapes, in the case of "grey" peas. Modern evidence 153(5)
C Evidence of Knight and Laxton 158(11)
D Miscellaneous cases in other plants and animals
1 Stocks (Matthiola) Hoariness 169(1)
Flower-colour 170(2)
2 Datura 172(1)
3 Colours of Rats and Mice 173(5)
V Professor Weldon's Quotations from Laxton 178(5)
Illustration from Primula sinensis 182(1)
VI The Argument Bdilt on Exceptions 183(18)
Ancestry and Dominance 185(8)
Ancestry and purity of germ-cells 193(4)
The value of the appeal to Ancestry 197(4)
VII The Question of Absolute Purity of Germ-Cells 201(7)
Conclusion 208
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