Table Of Contents:

List of Contributors xiii
Preface to the First Edition xix
Preface to the Second Edition xxiii

Part I Ten Review Essays 1(106)

Skepticism and Closure 3(9)

Anthony Brueckner

Contextualism 12(10)

Richard Feldman

Foundations and Coherence 22(11)

Michael Huemer

Recent Work on the Internalism-Externalism Controversy 33(10)

Laurence Bonjour

A Prori Knowledge 43(10)

Albert Casullo

The Common Sense Tradition 53(9)

Noah Lemos

The Power of Perception 62(13)

Peter Markie

Virtue Epistemology 75(7)

John Greco

Social Epistemology 82(11)

Alvin Goldman

Bayesian Epistemology 93(14)

Alan Hajek

Stephan Hartmann

Part II Twenty Epistemological Self-Profiles 107(110)

Robert Audi 109(5)

Laurence Bonjour 114(4)

Stewart Cohen 118(5)

Earl Conee and Richard Feldman 123(7)

Fred Dretske 130(4)

Richard Foley 134(5)

Richard Fumerton 139(5)

Alvin I. Goldman 144(8)

Gilbert Harman 152(4)

Peter Klein 156(7)

Hilary Kornblith 163(5)

Keith Lehrer 168(5)

Alvin Plantinga 173(5)

John Pollock 178(7)

Ernest Sosa 185(5)

Barry Stroud 190(4)

Michael Williams 194(5)

Timothy Williamson 199(5)

Crispin Wright 204(6)

Linda Zagzebski 210(7)

Part III Epistemology from A to Z (Entries without author list cross references) 217(2)

A 219(34)

a priori/a posteriori 219(2)

Albert Casullo

abduction 221(1)

Christopher Hookway

absurdity 221(1)

Robert S. Tragesser

Academy (Plato) 222(1)

Nicholas P. White

act/object analysis 222(1)

Michael Pendlebury

adverbial theory 223(1)

Michael Pendlebury

agnosticism 223(1)

Alvin Plantinga

Alston, William P. (1921-2009) 224(6)

Robert Audi

analyticity 230(1)

Jerrold J. Katz

anamnesis 230(1)

Nicholas P. White

antinomy 231(1)

Robert S. Tragesser

apodeictic 231(1)

Robert S. Tragesser

aporia 231(1)

Robert S. Tragesser

apperception 231(1)

David McNaughton

Aquinas, Thomas (1225-74) 231(4)

Scott MacDonald

argument 235(1)

Albert Casullo

argument from analogy 235(1)

Jonathan Dancy

argument from illusion 236(4)

Richard Fumerton

Aristotle (384-322 BC) 240(4)

Terence Irwin

Armstrong, David M. (1926-) 244(1)

Adrian Heathcote

association 245(1)

Barry Stroud

ataraxia 245(1)

Charlotte Stough

Augustine, St (354-430) 245(2)

Scott MacDonald

Austin, John L(angshaw) (1911-60) 247(2)

Graham Bird

avowals 249(1)

David Pears

axiomatization, axiomatics 249(1)

Robert S. Tragesser

Ayer, A(lfred) J(ules) (1910-89) 250(3)

Graeme Forbes

B 253(14)

Bacon, Francis, Lord Verulam (1561-1626) 253(1)

G. A. J. Rogers

basic belief 253(1)

Matthias Setup

behaviourism 254(1)

Edward Erwin

belief 254(5)

John Heil

belief in and belief that 259(1)

John Heil

Bergmann, Gustav (1906-87) 260(1)

Laird Addis

Berkeley, George (1685-1753) 261(3)

Michael Ayers

Blanshard, Brand (1892-1987) 264(1)

Michael Williams

Brentano, Franz (1838-1917) 265(1)

R. M. Chisholm

burden of proof 266(1)

Douglas N. Walton

C 267(33)

Carnap, Rudolf (1891-1970) 267(1)

Wesley C. Salmon

Cartesianism 268(1)

John Cottingham

causal theories in epistemology 268(4)

Carl Ginet

certainty 272(3)

Peter D. Klein

Chisholm, Roderick (1916-99) 275(2)

Richard Foley

circular reasoning 277(1)

Douglas N. Walton

cogito 277(1)

John Cottingham

coherentism 278(3)

Keith Lehrer

collective belief 281(1)

Margaret Gilbert

commonsensism and critical cognitivism 282(3)

Noah H. Lemos

concepts 285(2)

Christopher Peacocke

Continental epistemology 287(5)

Linda Alcoff

convention 292(1)

Robert S. Tragesser

conversational implicature 293(1)

Duncan Pritchard

criteria and knowledge 294(4)

Bruce Hunter

criterion, canon 298(1)

Bruce Hunter

critical cognitivism 299(1)

D 300(26)

Davidson, Donald (1930-2003) 300(1)

Ernest Lepore

death of epistemology 301(3)

Michael Williams

defeasibility 304(1)

Bruce Hunter

definition 305(1)

Robert S. Tragesser

Derrida, Jacques (1930-2004) 306(1)

Samuel C. Wheeler III

Descartes, Rene (1596-1650) 306(4)

John Cottingham

Dewey, John (1859-1952) 310(2)

Peter H. Hare

dialectic (Hegel) 312(1)

Kenneth R. Westphal

dialectic (Plato) 313(1)

Nicholas P. White

different constructions in terms of ``knows'' 313(9)

Jaakko Hintikka

direct realism 322(1)

L. S. Carrier

disposition 322(1)

John Heil

dogmatism 322(3)

Alvin Plantinga

Dutch book argument 325(1)

E 326(43)

empiricism 326(1)

Bruce Hunter

Epicurus (c. 341-271 BC) 326(5)

Phillip Mitsis

epistemic deontologism 331(1)

Sharon Ryan

epistemic luck 332(4)

Mylan Engel

epistemic supervenience 336(7)

John Turri

epistemic virtue 343(4)

Guy Axtell

epoche 347(1)

Dagfinn Follesdal

essence (Husserl) 347(1)

Dagfinn Follesdal

essence (Plato) 348(1)

Nicholas P. White

essentialism 348(1)

ethics and epistemology 348(1)

Jonathan Dancy

evidence 349(2)

Richard Feldman

evolutionary argument against naturalism 351(3)

Omar Mirza

evolutionary epistemology 354(2)

Edward Stein

existence 356(1)

Christopher Hookway

experience, theories of 357(4)

Michael Pendlebury

explanation 361(3)

Wesley C. Salmon

external world 364(1)

externalism/internalism 364(5)

Laurence Bonjour

F 369(20)

fact/value 369(1)

Robert Audi

fallibilism 369(1)

Adam Leite

feminist epistemology 370(5)

Lorraine Code

first philosophy 375(5)

Christopher Hookway

Firth, Roderick (1917-87) 380(1)

John Troyer

Foucault, Michel (1926-84) 381(1)

Linda Alcoff

foundationalism 382(3)

William P. Alston

Frege, Gottlob (1848-1925) 385(2)

David Bell

Freud, Sigmund (1856-1939) 387(2)

Jim Hopkins

G 389(15)

Gadamer, Hans-Georg (1900-2002) 389(1)

Linda Alcoff

genetic epistemology 389(4)

Richard F. Kitchener

genetic fallacy 393(1)

Douglas N. Walton

geometry 393(2)

Wesley C. Salmon

Gettier problem 395(2)

Paul K. Moser

given, the 397(3)

Alan H. Goldman

Goodman, Nelson (1906-98) 400(2)

Catherine Z. Elgin

Grice, H. Paul (1913-88) 402(2)

Richard E. Grandy

H 404(21)

Habermas, Jurgen (1929-) 404(1)

Hans-Johann Glock

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich (1770-1831) 405(3)

Kenneth R. Westphal

Heidegger, Martin (1889-1976) 408(1)

Charles Guignon

Hempel, Carl Gustav (1905-97) 409(1)

Jaegwon Kim

Hempel's paradox of the ravens 410(2)

Peter Achinstein

hermeneutics 412(1)

Charles Guignon

Hintikka, Jaakko (1929-) 413(1)

Risto Hilpinen

historical knowledge 414(2)

Jack W. Meiland

historicism 416(1)

David Bakhurst

Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679) 417(3)

Tom Sorell

holism 420(1)

Christopher Hookway

Hume, David (1711-76) 420(3)

Barry Stroud

Husserl, Edmund (1859-1938) 423(2)

Dagfinn Follesdal

I 425(44)

idea 425(1)

R. S. Woolhouse

idealism 425(4)

Nicholas Rescher

ideology 429(2)

David Bakhurst

illusion 431(1)

immediacy, presence 431(1)

Alan H. Goldman

in itself/for itself 432(1)

M. Okrent

incorrigibility 433(1)

William P. Alston

indeterminacy of reference 433(1)

Christopher Hookway

indeterminancy of translation 434(1)

Christopher Hookway

Indian epistemology 434(4)

J. N. Mohanty

indubitability 438(1)

William P. Alston

induction, problem of 438(1)

induction: enumerative and hypothetical 438(6)

Gilbert Harman

infallibility 444(1)

William P. Alston

inference 444(1)

Robert S. Tragesser

inference to the best explanation 445(2)

Richard Fumerton

infinite regress argument 447(3)

John F. Post

informal fallacies 450(4)

Douglas N. Walton

innate ideas 454(2)

G. A. J. Rogers

introspection 456(4)

Vrinda Dalmiya

intuition and deduction 460(4)

Robert S. Tragesser

intuition in epistemology 464(4)

Bruce Russell

isostheneia 468(1)

Charlotte Stough

J 469(3)

James, William (1842-1910) 469(1)

Peter H. Hare

judgement 470(1)

John Heil

justification 471(1)

Matthias Setup

K 472(15)

Kant, Immanuel (1724-1804) 472(4)

James van Cleve

KK-thesis 476(1)

Risto Hilpinen

knower paradox 476(1)

knowledge 476(1)

knowledge and belief 476(3)

Steven Luper

knowledge by acquaintance/by description 479(3)

David B. Martens

knowledge how, who, why etc 482(1)

knowledge-seeking by questioning 483(4)

Jaakko Hintikka

L 487(25)

Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716) 487(2)

R. C. Sleigh, Jr.

Lewis, Clarence Irving (1883-1964) 489(1)

John Troyer

limits of human knowledge 490(2)

Nicholas Rescher

linguistic understanding 492(5)

Christopher Peacocke

literature and knowledge 497(3)

Paisley Livingston

Locke, John (1632-1704) 500(3)

R. S. Woolhouse

logical construction 503(1)

R. M. Sainsbury

logical empiricism 504(1)

logical positivism 504(2)

Barry Stroud

logicism 506(1)

David Bell

lottery paradox 506(5)

Jonathan Vogel

luck, epistemic 511(1)

M 512(26)

Marxism 512(2)

David Bakhurst

mathematical knowledge 514(6)

Mark Steiner

memory 520(4)

Tom Senor

Merleau-Ponty, Maurice (1908-61) 524(1)

John J. Compton

methodology 525(1)

Wesley C. Salmon

Mill, John Stuart (1806-73) 525(2)

John Skorupski

Molyneux's problem 527(1)

Steve Smith

Montaigne, Michel de (1533-92) 528(1)

Richard H. Popkin

Moore, G(eorge) E(dward) (1873-1958) 529(2)

Thomas Baldwin

Moore's paradox 531(1)

Roy A. Sorensen

moral epistemology 532(5)

Jonathan Dancy

myth of the given 537(1)

N 538(20)

naive realism 538(1)

natural science, epistemology of 538(4)

Wesley C. Salmon

naturalism 542(1)

Philip Pettit

naturalized epistemology 543(3)

Hilary Kornblith

necessary/contingent 546(1)

David Blumenfeld

necessity, modal knowledge 547(1)

Albert Casullo

Neoplatonism 548(1)

S. Strange

Neurath, Otto (1882-1945) 549(2)

Andy Hamilton

Nietzsche, Friedrich (1844-1900) 551(1)

Alexander Nehamas

nihilism 552(1)

noumenal/phenomenal 552(2)

James van Cleve

Nozick, Robert (1940-2002) 554(2)

Sherrilyn Roush

Nyaya 556(2)

J. N. Mohanty

O 558(14)

objective/subjective 558(1)

Robert Audi

objectivity 559(3)

David Bell

Ockham, William of (c. 1285-1347) 562(1)

Marilyn McCord Adams

ontological commitment 563(1)

Christopher Hookway

ontological relativity 564(1)

Christopher Hookway

ostensive definition 564(2)

P. M. S. Hacker

other minds 566(6)

Akeel Bilgrami

P 572(85)

paradox 572(1)

Jonathan Vogel

paradox of the knower 572(2)

C. Anthony Anderson

paradoxes of analysis 574(3)

Felicia Ackerman

paranormal knowledge 577(3)

Patrick Grim

Peirce, Charles S. (1839-1914) 580(1)

Christopher Hookway

perceptual knowledge 581(5)

Fred Dretske

perspectivism 586(1)

phenomenalism 586(4)

Richard Fumerton

phenomenology 590(1)

Charles Guignon

philosophical knowledge 590(3)

Felicia Ackerman

Plato (c. 429-347 BC) 593(4)

Nicholas White

Popper, Karl (1902-94) 597(2)

Anthony O'Hear

positivism 599(1)

pragmatism 599(5)

Susan Hack

preface paradox 604(2)

Earl Conee

presence 606(1)

presocratic epistemology 606(3)

J. H. Lesher

prima facie reasons 609(1)

Jonathan Dancy

primary and secondary qualities 609(4)

Barry Stroud

principle of charity 613(1)

Ernest Lepore

principle of contradiction 613(1)

Robert S. Tragesser

principle of credulity 614(1)

William P. Alston

principle of identity 615(1)

Robert A. Tragesser

private language argument 616(6)

P. M. S. Hacker

probability, theories of 622(4)

Brian Skyrms

problem of the criterion 626(2)

Matthias Setup

problem of the external world 628(6)

George Pappas

problem of induction 634(1)

problem of other minds 634(1)

problem of rule-following 634(4)

Philip Pettit

problems of induction 638(5)

Laurence Bonjour

projection, projectibility 643(1)

Catherine Z. Elgin

proof 643(1)

Robert S. Tragesser

propositional knowledge 644(5)

Robert K. Shope

protocol sentences 649(1)

Andy Hamilton

psychologism 649(1)

David Bell

psychology and epistemology 649(5)

Edward Erwin

Putnam, Hilary (1926-) 654(1)

Thomas Tymoczko

Pyrrhonism 655(2)

Charlotte Stough

Q 657(2)

Quine, Willard Van Orman (1908-2000) 657(2)

Christopher Hookway

R 659(53)

rationalism 659(4)

Edwin Curley

rationality 663(5)

L. Jonathan Cohen

realism 668(4)

Philip Pettit

reasons/causes 672(1)

Robert Audi

Reichenbach, Hans (1891-1953) 673(1)

Wesley C. Salmon

Reid, Thomas (1710-96) 674(2)

Keith Lehrer

reification, hypostatization 676(1)

Christopher Hookway

relativism 676(2)

Harvey Siegel

relavant alternatives 678(3)

Stewart Cohen

reliabilism 681(11)

Alvin Goldman

religious belief, epistemology of 692(5)

Alvin Plantinga

religious belief, epistemology of-recent developments 697(2)

Michael Bergmann

representation 699(3)

Robert Cummins

representative realism 702(3)

Frank Jackson

Rescher, Nicholas (1928-) 705(1)

Robert Almeder

Rorty, Richard (1931-2007) 706(1)

Michael Williams

rule-following 707(1)

Russell, Bertrand Arthur William (1872-1970) 707(2)

R. M. Sainsbury

Ryle, Gilbert (1900-76) 709(3)

Graham Bird

S 712(51)

Safety 712(1)

Santayana, George (1863-1952) 712(1)

John Lachs

Sartre, Jean-Paul (1905-80) 713(1)

Gregory McCulloch

scepticism 714(1)

Peter D. Klein

scepticism, contemporary 715(4)

Peter D. Klein

scepticism, modern 719(3)

Richard Popkin

Schlick, Moritz (1882-1936) 722(1)

Andy Hamilton

scientia media 723(1)

self-consciousness 723(1)

Vrinda Dalmiya

self-evidence 723(1)

Alan H. Goldman

self-knowledge and self-identity 724(2)

Sydney Shoemaker

self-presenting 726(1)

Alan H. Goldman

Sellar, Wilfrid (1912-89) 727(2)

Jay Rosenberg

sensation/cognition 729(3)

Fred Dretske

sense-data 732(1)

Alan H. Goldman

sensitivity and safety 732(4)

Duncan Pritchard

Sextus Empiricus 736(2)

Charlotte Stough

simplicity 738(1)

Elliott Sober

social sciences, epistemology of 739(5)

Fred D'Agostino

sociology of knowledge 744(3)

David Bloor

Socrates 747(1)

solipsism 747(2)

Clive Borst

Spinoza, Benedict (also Baruch) (1632-77) 749(1)

Don Garrett

Stoic epistemology 750(3)

J. V. Allen

Strawson, Peter Frederick (1919-2006) 753(1)

P. F. Snowdon

strong programme 754(1)

David Bloor

Suarez, Francisco (1548-1617) 755(1)

Jorge J. E. Gracia

subjectivism 756(2)

Richard Foley

subjectivity 758(2)

Christopher Peacocke

supervenience 760(1)

surprise examination paradox 760(3)

Roy A. Sorensen

T 763(16)

tabula rasa 763(1)

R. S. Woolhouse

testimony 763(5)

Jennifer Lackey

theory 768(1)

Wesley C. Salmon

transcendental arguments 768(3)

A. C. Grayling

tripartite definition of knowledge 771(1)

Paul K. Moser

truth, theories of 772(5)

Paul Horwich

truths of reason/truths of fact 777(2)

David Blumenfeld

U 779(1)

underdetermination of theory 779(1)

Christopher Hookway

use/mention 779(1)

Matthias Setup

V 780(3)

verificationism 780(1)

Barry Stroud

Vico, Giambattista (1668-1744) 780(2)

Leon Pompa

Vienna Circle 782(1)

Andy Hamilton

W 783(5)

Whitehead, Alfred North (1861-1947) 783(1)

Donald W. Sherburne

Wittgenstein, Ludwig (1889-1951) 783(5)

David Pears

Z 788(5)

zebras and cleverly disguised mules 788(5)

Mylan Engel
Index 793