Western civilizations : their history & their culture / 16th ed.

Table Of Contents:

Maps xvii
Chronologies xix
Documents xxi
Preface xxiii

PART I THE ANCIENT NEAR EAST

The Origins of Western Civilizations 6(42)

The Stone Age Background 8(2)

The Neolithic Revolution 10(4)

The Development of Urban Civilization in Mesopotamia 14(4)

The Sumerians Enter History 18(10)

The Old Babylonian Empire 28(4)

The Development of Civilization in Egypt 32(14)

Conclusion 46(2)

Gods and Empires in the Ancient Near East, 1700-500 B.C.E. 48(52)

The Indo-European Migrations 50(3)

Egypt in the Second Millennium B.C.E. 53(7)

The International System of the Late Bronze Age 60(4)

Aegean Civilization: Minoans and Mycenaeans 64(6)

The Small-Scale States of the Early Iron Age 70(8)

The Assyrian Empire 78(6)

The Persians 84(4)

The Development of Hebrew Monotheism 88(5)

Conclusion 93(7)

PART II THE GREEK AND ROMAN WORLDS

The Greek Experiment 100(36)

The Dark Age of Greece (1150-800 B.C.E.) 102(4)

Archaic Greece (800-480 B.C.E.) 106(5)

The Archaic Polis in Action 111(7)

The Persian Wars 118(3)

The Golden Age of Classical Greece 121(6)

League Building and the Peloponnesian War 127(7)

Conclusion 134(2)

The Expansion of Greece 136(28)

Failures of the Fourth-Century Polis 138(1)

The Cultural and Intellectual Response 139(3)

The Rise of Macedon and the Conquests of Alexander 142(6)

The Hellenistic Kingdoms 148(3)

The Growth of Trade and Urbanization 151(1)

Hellenistic Culture: Philosophy and Religion 152(2)

Hellenistic Culture: Literature and Art 154(5)

Science and Medicine 159(2)

The Transformation of the Polis 161(1)

Conclusion 162(2)

Roman Civilization 164(38)

Early Italy and the Roman Monarchy 166(2)

The Early Republic 168(5)

The Fateful Wars with Carthage 173(3)

Society and Culture in the Late Republic 176(4)

The Social Struggles of the Late Republic 180(3)

The Principate or Early Empire (27 B.C.E.-180 C.E.) 183(6)

Culture and Life in the Period of the Principate 189(7)

The Crisis of the Third Century (180-284 C.E.) 196(2)

Roman Rule in the West: A Balance Sheet 198(2)

Conclusion 200(2)

Christianity and the Transformation of the Roman World 202(42)

The Reorganized Empire 204(3)

The Emergence and Triumph of Christianity 207(9)

The New Contours of Fourth-Century Christianity 216(6)

The Germanic Invasions and the Fall of the Western Roman Empire 222(4)

The Shaping of Western Christian Thought 226(5)

The Christianization of Classical Culture in the West 231(2)

Eastern Rome and the Western Empire 233(4)

Conclusion 237(7)

PART III THE MIDDLE AGES

Rome's Three Heirs: The Byzantine, Islamic, and Early Medieval Worlds 244(42)

The Byzantine Empire and Its Culture 246(6)

The Growth of Islam 252(8)

The Changing Islamic World 260(7)

Western Christian Civilization in the Early Middle Ages 267(6)

The Rise of the Carolingians 273(10)

Conclusion 283(3)

The Expansion of Europe: Economy, Society, and Politics in the High Middle Ages, 1000-1300 286(44)

The Medieval Agricultural Revolution 288(5)

The Growth of Towns and Commerce 293(4)

Byzantium, Islam, and the Crusades 297(12)

Social Mobility and Social Inequality in High Medieval Europe 309(3)

Politics and Government 312(2)

Feudalism and the Emergence of National Monarchies 314(12)

Conclusion 326(4)

The High Middle Ages: Religious and Intellectual Developments, 1000-1300 330(40)

The Reform of the Church 332(12)

The Outburst of Religious Vitality 344(7)

The Medieval Intellectual Revival 351(8)

The Blossoming of Literature, Art, and Music 359(5)

Conclusion 364(6)

PART IV FROM MEDIEVAL TO MODERN

The Later Middle Ages, 1300-1500 370(46)

Changes in the Land 372(1)

The Black Death and Its Consequences 373(7)

Social Change in the Later Middle Ages 380(4)

War and the Development of the Late Medieval State 384(11)

Kievan Rus and the Rise of Muscovy 395(3)

Trials for the Church 398(5)

The Pursuit of Holiness in the Late Medieval Piety 403(3)

Thought, Literature, and Art 406(4)

Advances in Technology 410(3)

Conclusion 413(3)

Commerce, Conquest, and Colonization, 1300-1600 416(24)

The Mongols 418(4)

The Rise of the Ottoman Empire 422(5)

Mediterranean Colonialism 427(7)

Europe Encounters a New World 434(4)

Conclusion 438(2)

The Civilization of the Renaissance, C. 1350-1550 440(32)

The Renaissance and the Middle Ages 442(1)

The Renaissance in Italy 443(8)

The Italian Renaissance: Painting, Sculpture, and Architecture 451(8)

The Waning of the Italian Renaissance 459(3)

The Renaissance in the North 462(7)

Conclusion 469(3)

Reformations of Religion 472(30)

The Lutheran Upheaval 474(8)

The Spread of Protestantism 482(5)

The Domestication of the Reformation, 1525-1560 487(3)

The English Reformation 490(5)

Catholicism Transformed 495(4)

Conclusion 499(3)

Religious Wars and State Building, 1540-1660 502(36)

Economic, Religious, and Political Tests 504(2)

A Century of Religious Wars 506(7)

Divergent Paths: Spain, France, and England, 1600-1660 513(9)

The Problem of Doubt and the Quest for Certainty 522(4)

Literature and the Arts 526(6)

Conclusion 532(6)

PART V EARLY MODERN EUROPE

Absolutism and Empire, 1660-1789 538(40)

The Appeal and Justification of Absolutism 540(2)

Alternatives to Absolutism 542(4)

The Absolutism of Louis XIV 546(7)

The Remaking of Central and Eastern Europe 553(4)

Autocracy in Russia 557(4)

Commerce and Consumption 561(3)

Colonization and Trade in the Seventeenth Century 564(6)

Colonialism and Empire 570(5)

Conclusion 575(3)

The New Science of the Seventeenth Century 578(24)

The Intellectual Origins of the Scientific Revolution 580(2)

The Copernican Revolution 582(1)

Tycho's Observations and Kepler's Laws 583(2)

New Heavens, New Earth, and Worldly Politics: Galileo 585(4)

Methods for a New Philosophy: Bacon and Descartes 589(5)

``And All Was Light'': Isaac Newton 594(6)

Conclusion 600(2)

The Enlightenment 602(34)

The Foundations of the Enlightenment 604(2)

The World of the Pbilosopbes 606(3)

Internationalization of Enlightenment Themes 609(3)

Empire and Enlightenment 612(5)

The Radical Enlightenment 617(4)

The Enlightenment and Eighteenth-Century Culture 621(9)

Conclusion 630(6)

PART VI THE AGE OF REVOLUTION

The French Revolution 636(36)

The French Revolution: An Overview 638(1)

The Coming of the Revolution 639(3)

The Destruction of the Old Regime 642(8)

A New Stage: Popular Revolution 650(8)

From the Terror to Bonaparte: The Directory 658(1)

Napoleon and Imperial France 658(5)

The Return to War and Napoleon's Defeat: 1806-1815 663(7)

Conclusion 670(2)

The Industrial Revolution and Nineteenth-Century Society 672(36)

The Industrial Revolution in Britain, 1760-1850 675(8)

The Industrial Revolution on the Continent 683(5)

The Social Consequences of Industrialization 688(8)

The Middle Classes 696(9)

Conclusion 705(3)

From Restoration to Revolution, 1815-1848 708(36)

Back to the Future: Restoring Order, 1815-1830 710(7)

Taking Sides: New Ideologies in Politics 717(8)

Cultural Revolt: Romanticism 725(7)

Reform and Revolution 732(10)

Conclusion 742(2)

What is a Nation? Territories, States, and Citizens, 1848-1871 744(42)

Nationalism and Revolution in 1848 746(8)

Building the Nation-State 754(13)

Nation and State Building in Russia, the United States, and Canada 767(8)

``Eastern Questions'': International Relations and the Decline of Ottoman Power 775(4)

Conclusion 779(7)

PART VII THE WEST AT THE WORLD'S CENTER

Imperialism and Colonialism, 1870-1914 786(36)

Imperialism 789(4)

Imperialism in South Asia 793(5)

Imperialism in China 798(6)

The French Empire and the Civilizing Mission 804(2)

The ``Scramble for Africa'' and the Congo 806(5)

Imperial Culture 811(5)

Crises of Empire at the Turn of the Twentieth Century 816(4)

Conclusion 820(2)

Modern Industry and Mass Politics, 1870-1914 822(42)

New Technologies and Global Transformations 824(6)

Labor Politics, Mass Movements 830(4)

Demanding Equality: Suffrage and the Woman's Movement 834(3)

Liberalism and its Discontents: National Politics at the Turn of the Century 837(14)

The Science and Soul of the Modern Age 851(10)

Conclusion 861(3)

The First World War 864(38)

The July Crisis 866(6)

The Marne and Its Consequences 872(2)

Stalemate, 1915 874(2)

Slaughter in the Trenches: The Great Battles, 1916-1917 876(3)

War of Empires 879(4)

The Home Front 883(5)

The Russian Revolutions of 1917 888(5)

The Road to German Defeat, 1918 893(7)

Conclusion 900(2)

Turmoil Between the Wars 902(36)

The Soviet Union under Lenin and Stalin 904(9)

The Emergence of Fascism in Italy 913(4)

Weimar Germany 917(2)

Hitler and the National Socialists 919(7)

The Great Depression in the Democracies 926(2)

Interwar Culture: Artists and Intellectuals 928(8)

Conclusion 936(2)

The Second World War 938(42)

The Causes of the War: Unsettled Quarrels, Economic Fallout, and Nationalism 940(1)

The 1930s: Challenges to the Peace, Appeasement, and the ``Dishonest Decade'' 941(6)

The Outbreak of Hostilities and the Fall of France 947(1)

Not Alone: The Battle of Britain and the Beginnings of a Global War 948(5)

The Rise and Ruin of Nations: Germany's War in the East and the Occupation of Europe 953(3)

Racial War, Ethnic Cleansing, and the Holocaust 956(9)

Total War: Home Fronts, the War of Production, Bombing, and the Bomb 965(2)

The Allied Counterattack and the Dropping of the Atomic Bomb 967(7)

Conclusion 974(6)

PART VIII THE WEST AND THE WORLD

The Cold War World: Global Politics, Economic Recovery, and Cultural Change 980(36)

The Cold War and a Divided Continent 982(9)

Economic Renaissance 991(5)

Revolution, Anticolonialism, and the Cold War 996(12)

Postwar Culture and Thought 1008(5)

Conclusion 1013(3)

Red Flags and Velvet Revolutions: The End of the Cold War, 1960-1990 1016(34)

Society and Class, 1945-1968 1018(11)

Social Movements during the 1960s 1029(8)

Economic Stagnation: The Price of Success 1037(2)

Europe Recast: The Collapse of Communism and the End of the Soviet Union 1039(9)

Conclusion 1048(2)

A World Without Walls: Globalization and the West 1050(3)

Liquid Modernity? The Flow of Money, Ideas, and Peoples 1053(4)

After Empire: Postcolonial Politics in the Global Era 1057(3)

A New Center of Gravity: Israel, Oil, and Political Islam in the Middle East 1060(7)

Violence beyond Bounds: War and Terrorism in the Twenty-First Century 1067(2)

Transformations: Human Rights 1069(1)

Conclusion 1070
Rulers of Principal States 1(5)
Glossary 6(19)
Text Credits 25(2)
Photo Credits 27(5)
Index 32