简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
The most comprehensive collection of its kind, Ethics: History, Theory, and Contemporary Issues, Third Edition, is organized into three parts, providing instructors with flexibility in designing and teaching a variety of courses in moral philosophy. The first part, Historical Sources, moves from classical thought (Plato, Aristotle, Epicurus, and Epictetus) through medieval views (Augustine and Aquinas) to modern theories (Hobbes, Butler, Hume, Kant, Bentham, and Mill), culminating with leading nineteenth- and twentieth-century thinkers (Nietzsche, James, Dewey, Camus, and Sartre). The second part, Modern Ethical Theory, includes many of the most important essays of the past century. The discussion of utilitarianism, Kantianism, egoism, and relativism continues in the work of major contemporary philosophers (Foot, Brandt, Williams, Wolf, and Nagel). Landmark selections (Moore, Prichard, Ross, Ayer, Stevenson, Hare, Baier, Anscombe, Gauthier, and Harman) reflect concern with moral language and the justification of morality. The concepts of justice (Rawls) and rights (Feinberg) are explored, as well as recent views on the importance of virtue ethics (Rachels) and an ethic influenced by feminist concerns (Held). In the third part, Contemporary Moral Problems, the readings present the current debates over abortion, euthanasia, famine relief, animal rights, the death penalty, and whether numbers should play a role in making moral decisions.
The third edition expands Part II, Modern Ethical Theory, adding essays by Onora O'Neill, Ruth Barcan Marcus, Allan Gibbard, Nicholas L. Sturgeon, and Martha Nussbaum. Part III, Contemporary Moral Problems, features new essays on abortion by Mary Anne Warren, Don Marquis, and Rosalind Hursthouse; an essay on the death penalty by Stephen Nathanson; and a debate between John M. Taurek and Derek Parfit on when and why one should save from harm a greater rather than a lesser number of people. The book concludes with an essay by Judith Jarvis Thomson on the trolley problem. Wherever possible, each reading is printed in its entirety.
目录
Preface p. xi
Introduction p. xiii
Historical Sources
Introduction p. 1
Plato p. 5
Euthyphro p. 5
Defence of Socrates p. 16
Crito p. 33
Phaedo (115d-118) p. 42
Republic (selections) p. 44
Aristotle p. 124
Nicomachean Ethics (selections) p. 124
Epicurus p. 178
Letter to Menoeceus p. 178
Leading Doctrines p. 180
Epictetus p. 183
Enchiridion p. 183
Augustine p. 195
Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love (selections) p. 195
Thomas Aquinas p. 202
Summa Contra Gentiles (selections) p. 202
Thomas Hobbes p. 218
Leviathan (selections) p. 218
Joseph Butler p. 229
Fifteen Sermons (selections) p. 229
David Hume p. 244
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (selections) p. 244
Immanuel Kant p. 270
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals p. 270
Jeremy Bentham p. 309
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (selections) p. 309
John Stuart Mill p. 317
Utilitarianism p. 317
Friedrich Nietzsche p. 352
Beyond Good and Evil (selections) p. 352
On the Genealogy of Morals (selections) p. 355
Twilight of the Idols (selections) p. 358
William James p. 361
The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life p. 361
John Dewey p. 373
The Quest for Certainty (selections) p. 373
Albert Camus p. 387
The Myth of Sisyphus (selections) p. 387
Jean-Paul Sartre p. 396
Existentialism Is a Humanism p. 396
Modern Ethical Theory
Introduction p. 403
G. E. Moore p. 413
Principia Ethica (selections) p. 413
H. A. Prichard p. 419
Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake? p. 419
W. D. Ross p. 429
The Right and the Good (selections) p. 429
A. J. Ayer p. 439
Language, Truth, and Logic (selections) p. 439
C. L. Stevenson p. 445
The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms p. 445
R. M. Hare p. 456
Freedom and Reason (selections) p. 456
Kurt Baier p. 466
The Point of View of Morality p. 466
G. E. M. Anscombe p. 481
Modern Moral Philosophy p. 481
John Rawls p. 493
A Theory of Justice (selections) p. 493
David Gauthier p. 516
Why Contractarianism? p. 516
Joel Feinberg p. 527
Psychological Egoism p. 527
Philippa Foot p. 535
Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives p. 535
Onora O'Neill p. 541
Consistency in Action p. 541
Ruth Barcan Marcus p. 558
Moral Dilemmas and Consistency p. 558
Richard B. Brandt p. 568
Some Merits of One Form of Rule Utilitarianism p. 568
Bernard Williams p. 585
A Critique of Utilitarianism p. 585
Allan Gibbard p. 601
Moral Judgment and the Acceptance of Norms p. 601
Joel Feinberg p. 614
The Nature and Value of Rights p. 614
Gilbert Harman p. 625
The Nature of Morality (selections) p. 625
Nicholas L. Sturgeon p. 636
Moral Explanations p. 636
James Rachels p. 651
The Challenge of Cultural Relativism p. 651
Martha Nussbaum p. 659
Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach p. 659
Virginia Held p. 679
Reason, Gender, and Moral Theory p. 679
James Rachels p. 695
The Ethics of Virtue p. 695
Susan Wolf p. 706
Moral Saints p. 706
Thomas Nagel p. 719
Moral Luck p. 719
Contemporary Moral Problems
Introduction p. 729
Judith Jarvis Thomson p. 733
A Defense of Abortion p. 733
Mary Ann Warren p. 744
On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion p. 744
Don Marquis p. 754
An Argument That Abortion Is Wrong p. 754
Rosalind Hursthouse p. 765
Virtue Theory and Abortion p. 765
James Rachels p. 779
Active and Passive Euthanasia p. 779
Philippa Foot p. 783
Killing and Letting Die p. 783
Peter Singer p. 789
Famine, Affluence, and Morality p. 789
John Arthur p. 797
Famine Relief and the Ideal Moral Code p. 797
Tom Regan p. 809
The Case for Animal Rights p. 809
Carl Cohen p. 817
The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research p. 817
Ernest van den Haag p. 824
In Defense of the Death Penalty p. 824
Stephen Nathanson p. 834
An Eye for an Eye: The Morality of Punishing by Death p. 834
John M. Taurek p. 844
Should the Numbers Count? p. 844
Derek Parfit p. 857
Innumerate Ethics p. 857
Judith Jarvis Thomson p. 866
Introduction p. xiii
Historical Sources
Introduction p. 1
Plato p. 5
Euthyphro p. 5
Defence of Socrates p. 16
Crito p. 33
Phaedo (115d-118) p. 42
Republic (selections) p. 44
Aristotle p. 124
Nicomachean Ethics (selections) p. 124
Epicurus p. 178
Letter to Menoeceus p. 178
Leading Doctrines p. 180
Epictetus p. 183
Enchiridion p. 183
Augustine p. 195
Enchiridion on Faith, Hope, and Love (selections) p. 195
Thomas Aquinas p. 202
Summa Contra Gentiles (selections) p. 202
Thomas Hobbes p. 218
Leviathan (selections) p. 218
Joseph Butler p. 229
Fifteen Sermons (selections) p. 229
David Hume p. 244
An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals (selections) p. 244
Immanuel Kant p. 270
Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals p. 270
Jeremy Bentham p. 309
An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation (selections) p. 309
John Stuart Mill p. 317
Utilitarianism p. 317
Friedrich Nietzsche p. 352
Beyond Good and Evil (selections) p. 352
On the Genealogy of Morals (selections) p. 355
Twilight of the Idols (selections) p. 358
William James p. 361
The Moral Philosopher and the Moral Life p. 361
John Dewey p. 373
The Quest for Certainty (selections) p. 373
Albert Camus p. 387
The Myth of Sisyphus (selections) p. 387
Jean-Paul Sartre p. 396
Existentialism Is a Humanism p. 396
Modern Ethical Theory
Introduction p. 403
G. E. Moore p. 413
Principia Ethica (selections) p. 413
H. A. Prichard p. 419
Does Moral Philosophy Rest on a Mistake? p. 419
W. D. Ross p. 429
The Right and the Good (selections) p. 429
A. J. Ayer p. 439
Language, Truth, and Logic (selections) p. 439
C. L. Stevenson p. 445
The Emotive Meaning of Ethical Terms p. 445
R. M. Hare p. 456
Freedom and Reason (selections) p. 456
Kurt Baier p. 466
The Point of View of Morality p. 466
G. E. M. Anscombe p. 481
Modern Moral Philosophy p. 481
John Rawls p. 493
A Theory of Justice (selections) p. 493
David Gauthier p. 516
Why Contractarianism? p. 516
Joel Feinberg p. 527
Psychological Egoism p. 527
Philippa Foot p. 535
Morality as a System of Hypothetical Imperatives p. 535
Onora O'Neill p. 541
Consistency in Action p. 541
Ruth Barcan Marcus p. 558
Moral Dilemmas and Consistency p. 558
Richard B. Brandt p. 568
Some Merits of One Form of Rule Utilitarianism p. 568
Bernard Williams p. 585
A Critique of Utilitarianism p. 585
Allan Gibbard p. 601
Moral Judgment and the Acceptance of Norms p. 601
Joel Feinberg p. 614
The Nature and Value of Rights p. 614
Gilbert Harman p. 625
The Nature of Morality (selections) p. 625
Nicholas L. Sturgeon p. 636
Moral Explanations p. 636
James Rachels p. 651
The Challenge of Cultural Relativism p. 651
Martha Nussbaum p. 659
Non-Relative Virtues: An Aristotelian Approach p. 659
Virginia Held p. 679
Reason, Gender, and Moral Theory p. 679
James Rachels p. 695
The Ethics of Virtue p. 695
Susan Wolf p. 706
Moral Saints p. 706
Thomas Nagel p. 719
Moral Luck p. 719
Contemporary Moral Problems
Introduction p. 729
Judith Jarvis Thomson p. 733
A Defense of Abortion p. 733
Mary Ann Warren p. 744
On the Moral and Legal Status of Abortion p. 744
Don Marquis p. 754
An Argument That Abortion Is Wrong p. 754
Rosalind Hursthouse p. 765
Virtue Theory and Abortion p. 765
James Rachels p. 779
Active and Passive Euthanasia p. 779
Philippa Foot p. 783
Killing and Letting Die p. 783
Peter Singer p. 789
Famine, Affluence, and Morality p. 789
John Arthur p. 797
Famine Relief and the Ideal Moral Code p. 797
Tom Regan p. 809
The Case for Animal Rights p. 809
Carl Cohen p. 817
The Case for the Use of Animals in Biomedical Research p. 817
Ernest van den Haag p. 824
In Defense of the Death Penalty p. 824
Stephen Nathanson p. 834
An Eye for an Eye: The Morality of Punishing by Death p. 834
John M. Taurek p. 844
Should the Numbers Count? p. 844
Derek Parfit p. 857
Innumerate Ethics p. 857
Judith Jarvis Thomson p. 866
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