CONTENTS 4
EXHIBITS, TABLES, AND FIGURES 6
PREFACE 10
Our Approach to the Challenge 11
Overview of the Contents 12
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 16
THE AUTHORS 18
INTRODUCTION: Ethics in Public Service 22
Working Definitions 27
The Scope of Public Service 30
Public Administration\u2019s Track Record 32
Three Roads to the Future 36
Part One: ETHICAL RESPONSIBILITIES OF PUBLIC MANAGERS 40
Chapter One: WHAT IS IMPORTANT IN PUBLIC SERVICE? 42
Why Me? 43
Getting It Together 54
Mapping Ethical Obligations 57
Ethics, Democracy, and Professionalism 57
A Diagnostic 59
Case: Right at Ground Zero 64
Discussion Questions 71
Chapter Two: OBEYING AND IMPLEMENTING THE LAW 73
Taking the Job and the Pledge 74
The Force of Law 77
Go/No-Go Decision Model 85
Case: A Matter of One Man\u2019s Faith 89
Discussion Questions 92
Chapter Three: SERVING THE PUBLIC INTEREST 94
In Hot Pursuit 95
Avoiding Conflict of Interest 101
Public Duties, Private Lives 109
Pressing Business 113
Case: In the Black with the Red Cross 114
Discussion Questions 118
Chapter Four: TAKING INDIVIDUAL RESPONSIBILITY 119
Searching for Demons 119
We Are Individually Responsible for Our Decisions and Behavior 123
We Are Responsible for What Is Done Along with How It Is Done 130
Incompetence Is Abuse of Office 133
Leave Responsibility Where It Belongs 135
Case: The Contract 137
Discussion Questions 138
Part Two: TOOLS FOR PERSONAL DECISION MAKING 140
Chapter Five: FINDING SOLID GROUND 142
Common Sense and Character in Decision Making as Guides to Action 143
Philosophical Perspectives at Work 145
Different Views of Public Service 150
Purity Versus Receptivity 151
Appeal to Consensus 153
Over the Long Haul 155
Impartial and Open-Minded 157
Vigilante Ethics 159
Case: A Matter of Convenience 160
Discussion Questions 161
Chapter Six: RESOLVING ETHICAL DILEMMAS 162
Decision-Making Models 163
Questions for the Manager 167
Opting for Responsibility 168
Application 172
Accepting Responsibility ( Self-Testing) 176
No Closure 177
Case: A Late Night Surprise 179
Discussion Questions 181
Chapter Seven: UNDERSTANDING WHO AND WHAT MATTERS 182
Deciding Who Matters 183
Appetite Curbs 187
Amplifying Standard Analysis 188
Case: Valor, Compliance, and Compassion 199
Discussion Questions 200
Part Three: ETHICS AND THE ORGANIZATION 204
Chapter Eight: DESIGNING AND IMPLEMENTING CODES 206
Code Objectives and Types 212
Implementation of Codes 212
Current Practices in the States 217
Value of Ethics Training 223
Coming Attractions 226
Current Practices in the Cities 227
Federal Offices and Standards 230
Managing the Code 234
Ethics for Nonprofits 235
Need for Well-Designed Programs 236
Case: Private Gain or Public Victim? 236
Discussion Questions 239
Chapter Nine: BROADENING THE HORIZON 241
First Efforts: National Initiatives 243
First Efforts: Multinational Organizations 245
Development of Consensus 247
A Multinational View at the Citizen Level 251
Discussion Questions 254
Notes 255
Chapter Ten: BUILDING AN ETHICAL AGENCY 256
Shaping Ethics and the Boss 256
Developing an Ethical Agency 268
A Proposed Ethics Impact Statement and Process 276
Conducting Agency Ethics Audits 283
Case: Fair Play or Foul at the U. S. Olympic Committee? 287
Discussion Questions 289
Afterword: The Job Ahead 290
Resource A: Chronology of Theoretical and Applied Ethics in Public Service (Work in Process) 293
Key to Entry Classifications 293
Note 321
Resource B: Selected Internet Resources 322
Print and Electronic Journals, Newsletters, and News Media Links 322
Professional Associations and Standards of Conduct 323
Public Interest, Research, and Academic Organizations and Institutes 324
Codes of Conduct 325
U.S. Government and Related Sites: Federal 326
U.S. Government and Related Sites: State 327
U.S. Government and Related Sites: Local (Suggestive) 328
General U.S. Government Resources 328
International and Multinational Sites 328
Public Opinion Sites on Values and/or Confidence in Government 330
Nonprofit Sites 331
Ethics Cases, Scenarios, and Games 332
Resource C: Tools for Making Ethical Decisions 334
Tool 1: Assess Roles Using Role Diagnosis 335
Tool 2: Use Go/No-Go Decision Model 336
Tool 3: Pursue the Public Interest 337
Tool 4: Rank Responsibilities 337
Tool 5: Use Threshold Test 338
Tool 6: Audit Decisions Against Four Standards 338
Tool 7: Creatively Lead 339
Tool 8: Use Stakeholder Diagnostic 340
Tool 9: Seek Inclusion 341
Tool 10: Before You Blow 342
REFERENCES 343
NAME INDEX 364
SUBJECT INDEX 370