Introductory plant biology / 11th ed.

Contents in Brief
Preface xi
1 What Is Plant Biology? 1
2 The Nature of Life 13
3 Cells 29
4 Tissues 53
5 Roots and Soils 64
6 Stems 84
7 Leaves 106
8 Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds 127
9 Water in Plants 149
10 Plant Metabolism 165
11 Growth 192
12 Meiosis and Alternation of Generations 216
13 Genetics 225
14 Plant Breeding and Propagation 247
15 Evolution 267
16 Plant Names and Classification 280
17 Domain (Kingdom) Bacteria, Domain (Kingdom) Archaea,
and Viruses 293
18 Kingdom Protista 319
19 Kingdom Fungi 348
20 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes 373
21 The Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their Relatives 388
22 Introduction to Seed Plants: Gymnosperms 411
23 Seed Plants: Angiosperms 430
24 Flowering Plants and Civilization 449
25 Ecology 474
26 Biomes 495
Appendix 1 Scientific Names of Organisms Mentioned in the Text 505
Appendix 2 Biological Controls 528
Appendix 3 Useful and Poisonous Plants, Fungi, and Algae 536
Appendix 4 House Plants and Home Gardening 566
Appendix 5 Metric Equivalents and Conversion Tables 592
Glossary 595
Index 609
Contents
1 What Is Plant Biology? 1
Chapter Outline 1
Overview 2
Some Learning Goals 2
The Relationship of Humans to Their Environment 4
Botany As a Science 7
Diversification of Plant Study 8
Awareness: Plant Biology
and the Web 10
Summary 11
Review Questions 12
Discussion Questions 12
Additional Reading 12
2 The Nature of Life 13
Chapter Outline 13
Overview 14
Some Learning Goals 14
Attributes of Living Organisms 14
Chemical and Physical Bases of Life 15
Summary 27
Review Questions 28
Discussion Questions 28
Additional Reading 28
3 Cells 29
Chapter Outline 29
Overview 30
Some Learning Goals 30
Cells 30
Eukaryotic Versus Prokaryotic Cells 33
Cell Structure and Communication 33
Cellular Components 36
Cellular Reproduction 44
Awareness: Microscapes 48
Higher Plant Cells Versus Animal Cells 50
Summary 50
Review Questions 52
Discussion Questions 52
Additional Reading 52
4 Tissues 53
Chapter Outline 53
Overview 54
Some Learning Goals 54
Meristematic Tissues 54
Tissues Produced by Meristems 55
Summary 62
Review Questions 63
Discussion Questions 63
Additional Reading 63
5 Roots and Soils 64
Chapter Outline 64
Overview 65
Some Learning Goals 65
How Roots Develop 65
Root Structure 66
Specialized Roots 71
Mycorrhizae 74
Root Nodules 75
Human Relevance of Roots 75
Soils 77
Awareness: Metal-Munching Plants 81
Summary 82
Review Questions 82
Discussion Questions 83
Additional Reading 83
6 Stems 84
Chapter Outline 84
Overview 85
Some Learning Goals 85
External Form of a Woody Twig 85
Origin and Development of Stems 86
Awareness: Standing in Fields of Stone 87
Tissue Patterns in Stems 89
Specialized Stems 97
Wood and Its Uses 99
Summary 104
Review Questions 105
Discussion Questions 105
Additional Reading 105
7 Leaves 106
Chapter Outline 106
Overview 107
Some Learning Goals 107
Leaf Arrangements and Types 108
Internal Structure of Leaves 109
Stomata 111
Mesophyll and Veins 112
Specialized Leaves 113
Autumnal Changes in Leaf Color 122
Abscission 122
Human and Ecological Relevance
of Leaves 123
Awareness: Glass Cuts from Grass? 124
Summary 125
Review Questions 125
Discussion Questions 125
Additional Reading 126
8 Flowers, Fruits, and Seeds 127
Chapter Outline 127
Overview128
Some Learning Goals 128
Note to the Reader: 128
Differences Between Dicots
and Monocots 130
Structure of Flowers 130
Fruits 132
Fruit and Seed Dispersal 139
Awareness: The Seed That Slept
for 1,200 Years 146
Summary 147
Review Questions 148
Discussion Questions 148
Additional Reading 148
9 Water in Plants 149
Chapter Outline 149
Overview 150
Some Learning Goals 150
Molecular Movement 151
Water and its Movement Through
the Plant 155
Regulation of Transpiration 157
Transport of Food Substances (Organic Solutes) in Solution 159
Mineral Requirements for Growth 160
Summary 163
Review Questions 163
Discussion Questions 164
Additional Reading 164
10 Plant Metabolism 165
Chapter Outline 165
Overview 166
Some Learning Goals 166
Enzymes and Energy Transfer 166
Photosynthesis 167
Awareness: Photosynthesis and Pizza 176
Respiration 180
Additional Metabolic Pathways 185
Assimilation and Digestion 186
Awareness: Greenhouse Gases and Plant Growth 188
Summary 189
Review Questions 190
Discussion Questions 190
Additional Reading 190
11 Growth 192
Chapter Outline 192
Overview 193
Some Learning Goals 193
Nutrients, Vitamins, and Hormones 193
Hormonal Interactions 200
Other Hormonal Interactions 201
Plant Movements 201
Photoperiodism 209
Phytochromes and Cryptochromes 210
A Flowering Hormone? 211
Temperature and Growth 212
Dormancy and Quiescence 212
Summary 213
Review Questions 214
Discussion Questions 214
Additional Reading 214
12 Meiosis and Alternation of Generations 216
Chapter Outline 216
Overview 217
Some Learning Goals 217
The Phases of Meiosis 218
Alternation of Generations 222
Summary 223
Review Questions 223
Discussion Questions 223
Additional Reading 224
13 Genetics 225
Chapter Outline 225
Overview 226
Some Learning Goals 226
Molecular Genetics 227
Awareness: The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 230
Cytogenetics 235
Mendelian Genetics 236
Quantitative Traits 243
Extranuclear DNA 243
Linkage and Mapping 243
The Hardy-Weinberg Law 245
Summary 245
Review Questions 246
Discussion Questions 246
Additional Reading 246
14 Plant Breeding
and Propagation 247
Chapter Outline 247
Overview 248
Some Learning Goals 248
Crop Plant Evolution 248
Plant Breeding 250
Plant Propagation 259
Summary 265
Review Questions 265
Discussion Questions 266
Additional Reading 266
15 Evolution 267
Chapter Outline 267
Overview 268
Some Learning Goals 268
A Brief Overview of the Early Development of Evolutionary Concepts 268
Charles Darwin 269
Evidence for Evolution 270
Microevolution?Evolution Within
Species 271
Rates of Evolution 273
Macroevolution?How Species Evolve 273
The Role of Hybridization in Evolution 275
Discussion 277
Summary 278
Review Questions 278
Discussion Questions 278
Additional Reading 279
16 Plant Names
and Classification 280
Chapter Outline 280
Overview 281
Some Learning Goals 281
Development of the Binomial System of Nomenclature 281
Development of the Kingdom Concept 284
Classification of Major Groups 284
A Key to Major Groups of Organisms (Exclusive of Kingdom Animalia) 288
Cladistics 290
The Future of Plant Classification 291
Summary 291
Review Questions 292
Discussion Questions 292
Additional Reading 292
17 Domain (Kingdom) Bacteria, Domain (Kingdom) Archaea,
and Viruses 293
Chapter Outline 293
Overview 294
Some Learning Goals 294
Features of Domains (Kingdoms) Bacteria and Archaea 295
Domain Bacteria (Kingdom Bacteria)?
The True Bacteria 298
Human Relevance of the Unpigmented, Purple, and Green Suflur Bacteria 298
Class Cyanobacteria?The Cyanobacteria (Blue-Green Bacteria) 304
Class Prochlorobacteriae?
The Prochlorobacteria 308
Domain Archaea (Kingdom Archaea)?
The Archaebacteria 309
Viruses 310
Awareness: Plant Viruses 312
Viroids and Prions 314
Summary 316
Review Questions 317
Discussion Questions 317
Additional Reading 317
18 Kingdom Protista 319
Chapter Outline 319
Overview 320
Some Learning Goals 320
Features of Kingdom Protista 320
Algae 321
Phylum Chlorophyta?The Green Algae 321
Phylum Chromophyta?The Yellow-Green Algae, Golden-Brown Algae, Diatoms, and
Brown Algae 328
Phylum Rhodophyta?The Red Algae 332
Phylum Euglenophyta?
The Euglenoids 334
Phylum Dinophyta?
The Dinoflagellates 335
Phylum Cryptophyta?
The Cryptomonads 337
Phylum Prymnesiophyta (Haptophyta)?The Haptophytes 337
Phylum Charophyta?The Stoneworts 337
Human and Ecological Relevance of
the Algae 338
Other Members of Kingdom Protista 341
Phylum Myxomycota?The Plasmodial Slime Molds 341
Phylum Dictyosteliomycota?The Cellular Slime Molds 343
Phylum Oomycota?The Water Molds 343
Summary 345
Review Questions 346
Discussion Questions 347
Additional Reading 347
19 Kingdom Fungi 348
Chapter Outline 348
Overview 349
Some Learning Goals 349
Distinctions Between Kingdoms Protista and Fungi 349
Kingdom Fungi?The True Fungi 350
Lichens 368
Summary 371
Review Questions 372
Discussion Questions 372
Additional Reading 372
20 Introduction to the Plant Kingdom: Bryophytes 373
Chapter Outline 373
Overview 374
Some Learning Goals 374
Introduction to the Bryophytes 374
Phylum Hepaticophyta?Liverworts 377
Phylum Anthocerophyta?Hornworts 380
Phylum Bryophyta?Mosses 381
Awareness: Hibernating Mosses 384
Human and Ecological Relevance
of Bryophytes 385
Summary 385
Review Questions 386
Discussion Questions 387
Additional Reading 387
21 The Seedless Vascular Plants: Ferns and Their Relatives 388
Chapter Outline 388
Overview 389
Some Learning Goals 389
Phylum Psilotophyta?The Whisk
Ferns 389
Phylum Lycophyta?The Ground Pines, Spike Mosses, and Quillworts 390
Phylum Equisetophyta?The Horsetails
and Scouring Rushes 396
Phylum Polypodiophyta?The Ferns 400
Fossils 407
Summary 409
Review Questions 409
Discussion Questions 410
Additional Reading 410
22 Introduction to Seed Plants: Gymnosperms 411
Chapter Outline 411
Overview 412
Some Learning Goals 412
Phylum Pinophyta?The Conifers 413
Other Gymnosperms 418
Human Relevance of Gymnosperms 421
Awareness: A Living Fossil? 426
Summary 427
Review Questions 428
Discussion Questions 429
Additional Reading 429
23 Seed Plants: Angiosperms 430
Chapter Outline 430
Overview 431
Some Learning Goals 431
Phylum Magnoliophyta?The Flowering Plants 432
Pollination Ecology 438
Herbaria and Plant Preservation 443
Summary 447
Review Questions 448
Discussion Questions 448
Additional Reading 448
24 Flowering Plants and Civilization 449
Chapter Outline 449
Overview 450
Some Learning Goals 450
Origin of Cultivated Plants 450
Selected Families of Flowering Plants 452
Dicots (Now Recognized in Two
Groups) 453
Monocots 467
Awareness: Coffee and Caffeine 470
Summary 472
Review Questions 472
Discussion Questions 473
Additional Reading 473
25 Ecology 474
Chapter Outline 474
Overview 475
Some Learning Goals 475
Plants and the Environment 475
Natural Cycles 479
Succession 483
The Impacts of Humans on Plant Communities 487
Global Warming 487
Loss of Biodiversity 488
Awareness: John Muir, Father of America?s National Park System 491
Summary 492
Review Questions 493
Discussion Questions 493
Additional Reading 493
26 Biomes 495
Chapter Outline 495
Overview 496
Learning Goal 496
Major Biomes of North America 496
Summary 503
Review Questions 504
Discussion Questions 504
Additional Reading 504
Appendix 1 Scientific Names of Organisms Mentioned in the Text 505
Appendix 2 Biological Controls 528
Appendix 3 Useful and Poisonous
Plants, Fungi, and Algae 536
Appendix 4 House Plants and Home
Gardening 566
Appendix 5 Metric Equivalents and
Conversion Tables 592
Glossary 595
Index 609