简介
Claude Brown called it "Spoken Soul." Legendary author James Baldwin referred to it as "incredible music." Writers from Paul Laurence Dunbar to Toni Morrison and Alice Walker have employed it to fully convey the experiences of black America. In Spoken Soul: The Story of Black English, scholar and linguistics expert John R. Rickford and journalist Russell J. Rickford offer a fascinating, definitive history of the use of Black English in literature, the performing arts, religion, and everyday conversation. The Rickfords also explore America's love/hate relationship with Black English and its role in our ongoing dialogue about why and how race matters. From our embrace of Black English as the language of jazz, funk, hip-hop, and rap, to the media-fanned furor surrounding proposals to use Ebonics as a springboard to teaching Standard English, Black English is as deeply rooted in America's politics as it is in America's culture. The Rickfords scrupulously show how education, the media, and society have been affected by the power and tenacity of Spoken Soul. If you love words or are interested in the connection between language and identity, Spoken Soul will intrigue and enlighten you. - Dust jacket.
目录
Spoken Soul
CONTENTS
FOREWORD
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
PART ONE— INTRODUCTION
1— What\\u0027s Going On?
PART TWO— "THIS PASSION, THIS SKILL, THIS INCREDIBLE MUSIC"
2— Writers
Audience
Authenticity
Attitude
3— Preachers and Pray-Ers
Kickin\\u0027 Up Dust: Themes and Virtuosity of Black Worship
The Worship Spiral
4— Comedians and Actors
5— Singers, Toasters, and Rappers
PART THREE— THE LIVING LANGUAGE
6— Vocabulary and Pronunciation
Vocabulary
Pronunciation
Variation in Pronunciation
7— Grammar
Plural s and dem
Existential It Is
Absence of Third-Person Singular Present-Tense s
Absence of Possessive \\u0027s
Invariant be
Zero Copula (Absence of is or are)
Been, BEEN, and Toni Morrison\\u0027s "Five Present Tenses"
Done, be done, finna, had, and Other Tense-Aspect Markers
Negative Forms and Constructions
Questions, Direct and Indirect
Pronouns
Verbs Once More
Variation in Grammar
8— History
A Thumbnail, Century-By-Century History of African Americans
The Seventeenth Century
The Eighteenth Century
The Nineteenth Century
The Twentieth Century
African, English, and Creole Influences on the Vocabulary of Spoken Soul
African, English, and Creole Influences on the Pronunciation of Spoken Soul
African, English, and Creole Influences on the Grammar of Spoken Soul
Divergence
PART FOUR— THE EBONICS FIRESTORM
9— Education
The Task Force\\u0027s Initial Recommendations
The Oakland School Board\\u0027s Resolution
The Task Force\\u0027s Revised Recommendations of May 1997
Research on Taking the Vernacular into Account in Teaching Standard English and Reading
10— The Media
News
Opinion
11— Ebonics "Humor"
-Onics Jokes
Invariant Be jokes
Translation Jokes
Racial Caricatures
PART FIVE— THE DOUBLE SELF
12— The Crucible of Identity
NOTES
Part One— Introduction
1— What\\u0027s Going On?
Part Two— "This Passion, This Skill, This Incredible Music"
2— Writers
3— Preachers and Pray-ers
4— Comedians and Actors
5— Singers, Toasters, and Rappers
Part Three— The Living Language
6— Vocabulary and Pronunciation
7— Grammar
8— History
Part Four— The Ebonics Firestorm
9— Education
10— The Media
11— Ebonics "Humor"
Part Five— The Double Self
12— The Crucible of Identity
PHOTO SECTION
INDEX
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
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Z
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