Preface p. xi
Contributors p. xiii
1 Vibrational Spectroscopy in Microbiology and Medical Diagnostics Dieter Naumann p. 1
1.1 Vibrational Spectra in Biomedicine Provide Fingerprint-like Signatures of Biological Structures p. 2
1.2 Different Technical Options to Obtain the Spectral Information p. 3
1.3 The Need for and Benefit from Data Evaluation p. 4
1.4 Perspectives of Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy p. 5
2 Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy - Technical Advances H. Michael Heise p. 9
2.1 Introduction p. 9
2.2 Measurement Techniques for Clinical Chemistry p. 11
2.3 Measurement Techniques for Pathology p. 19
2.4 Measurement Techniques for In Vivo Spectroscopy p. 26
2.5 Concluding Remarks p. 31
Acknowledgments p. 31
References p. 32
3 Biomedical Applications of Infrared Microspectroscopy and Imaging by Various Means David L. Wetzel p. 39
3.1 Introduction p. 39
3.2 Specimen Sources, Experimental Schemes, and Optical Substrates p. 41
3.3 Applications p. 42
3.4 Instrumental Means of Biomedical IMS p. 59
3.5 Comment p. 71
Acknowledgments p. 71
Acronyms and Trademarks p. 72
References p. 72
4 Infrared Spectroscopy of Biofluids in Clinical Chemistry and Medical Diagnostics R. Anthony Shaw and Sarah Low-Ying and Angela Man and Kan-Zhi Liu and C. Mansfield and Christopher B. Rileg and Mouchanoh Vijarnsorn p. 79
4.1 Introduction p. 79
4.2 Vibrational Spectroscopy of Biofluids p. 80
4.3 Quantification (Regression) and Diagnostic (Classification) Approaches p. 81
4.4 Quantitative Biofluid Analysis p. 82
4.5 Diagnostic Biofluid Tests p. 88
4.6 Veterinary Applications p. 92
4.7 Microfluidics and IR Spectroscopy of Biofluids p. 95
4.8 Concluding Remarks p. 99
References p. 100
5 Raman Spectroscopy of Biofluids Daniel Rohleder and Wolfgang Petrich p. 105
5.1 Introduction p. 105
5.2 Background Fluorescence p. 106
5.3 The Putative Drawback of a Low Signal-to-Noise-Ratio p. 109
5.4 Spectroscopy of Blood and Its Derivates p. 111
5.5 In Vitro Raman Spectroscopy of Serum for Laboratory Diagnostics: A Case Study p. 112
5.6 Raman Spectroscopy of Body Fluids In Vivo p. 115
5.7 Raman Spectroscopy of Other Body Fluids p. 117
5.8 Summary p. 118
Acknowledgments p. 118
References p. 119
6 Vibrational Microspectroscopy of Cells and Tissues Melissa J. Romeo and Susie Boydston-White and Christian Matthaus and Milos Miljkovic and Benjamin Bird and Tatyana Chernenko and Max Diem p. 121
6.1 Introduction p. 121
6.2 Infrared Histopathology: IR Microspectroscopic Mapping of Tissues p. 122
6.3 Vibrational Cytology: IR and Raman Spectroscopy of Eukaryotic Cells p. 133
6.4 Concluding Remarks p. 147
Acknowledgments p. 148
References p. 148
7 Resonance Raman Microspectroscopy and Imaging of Hemoproteins in Single Leukocytes Henk-Jan van Manen and Cynthia Morin and Cees Otto and Dirk Roos p. 153
7.1 Hemoproteins p. 153
7.2 Raman Microspectroscopy p. 154
7.3 Outline of This Chapter p. 155
7.4 Instrumentation and Spectral Data Analysis p. 156
7.5 Resonance Raman Microspectroscopy on Neutrophilic Granulocytes p. 159
7.6 Resonance Raman Microscopy on Neutrophilic Granulocytes p. 165
7.7 Photobleaching and Light-Induced Cell Damage in Resonance Raman Microspectroscopy p. 168
7.8 Concluding Remarks p. 172
Acknowledgments p. 172
References p. 172
8 Resonant Raman Scattering of Heme Molecules in Cells and in the Solid State Bayden R. Wood and Don McNaughton p. 181
8.1 Introduction p. 181
8.2 Electronic Structure of Heme Moieties p. 182
8.3 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy p. 184
8.4 Resonance Raman Spectroscopy of Hemes in Cells and the Solid State p. 187
8.5 Resonance Raman of Heme Derivatives Using Near-Infrared Excitation in the Solid State p. 190
8.6 Application to Malaria Research p. 197
8.7 Summary p. 203
Acknowledgments p. 203
References p. 203
9 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering (Cars) Microscopy Ondrej Burkacky and Andreas Zumbusch p. 209
9.1 Introduction p. 209
9.2 Theoretical Considerations p. 210
9.3 CARS Microscopy p. 212
9.4 Suppression of the Nonresonant Background p. 213
9.5 Applications to Biology p. 217
9.6 Outlook p. 218
Acknowledgments p. 219
References p. 219
10 Surface-Enhanced Raman Sensors for Metabolic Analytes Olga Lyandres and Matthew R. Glucksberg and Joseph T. Walsh Jr. and Nilam C. Shah and Chanda R. Yonzon and Xiaoyu Zhang and Richard P. Van Duyne p. 221
10.1 Background p. 221
10.2 Experimental Setup p. 225
10.3 Results and Discussion p. 228
10.4 Conclusion p. 236
Acknowledgments p. 236
References p. 237
11 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering for Investigations of Eukaryotic Cells Janina Kneipp and Harald Kneipp and Katrin Kneipp and Margaret McLaughlin and Dennis Brown p. 243
11.1 Motivation: SERS and Cell Studies p. 243
11.2 Probing Intrinsic Cellular Chemistry p. 245
11.3 SERS-Based Optical Labels for Live Cell Studies p. 253
11.4 Conclusions and Outlook p. 256
Acknowledgments p. 257
References p. 257
12 Combining Optical Coherence Tomography and Raman Spectroscopy for Investigating Dental and Other Mineralized Tissues Lin-P'ing Choo-Smith and Alex C.-T. Ko and Mark Hewko and Dan P. Popescu and Jeri Friesen and Michael G. Sowa p. 263
12.1 Introduction p. 263
12.2 Optical Coherence Tomography p. 266
12.3 Raman Spectroscopy of Mineralized Tissues p. 273
12.4 Towards Clinical Dental Relevance p. 281
12.5 Conclusions: Our Multi Modal Approach for Evaluating Early Dental Caries p. 285
Acknowledgments p. 285
References p. 286
13 Sub-100-Nanometer Infrared Spectroscopy and Imaging Based on a Near-Field Photothermal Technique ("PTIR") Alexandre Dazzi p. 291
13.1 Introduction p. 291
13.2 AFMIR: Photothermal-Induced Resonance Experiment p. 292
13.3 Experimental Illustration of the Photothermal Technique p. 298
13.4 Applications: Biological Studies p. 303
13.5 Conclusion and Perspectives p. 311
Acknowledgments p. 311
References p. 312
14 From Study Design to Data Analysis Wolfgang Petrich p. 315
14.1 Aspects in the Design of Clinically Relevant Studies in Biomedical Vibrational Spectroscopy p. 316
14.2 The Role of Noise and Reproducibility in the Raw Spectra p. 321
14.3 Safeguarding the Analysis of Data and Its Interpretation p. 323
14.4 Conclusion p. 330
Acknowledgments p. 331
References p. 331
15 Interpreting Several Types of Measurements in Bioscience Achim Kohler and Mohamed Hanafi and Dominique Bertrand and El Mostafa Qannari and Astrid Oust Janbu and Trond Moretro and Kristine Naterstad and Harald Martens p. 333
15.1 Introduction to the Analysis of Several Data Sets p. 333
15.2 Principal Component Analysis of One Data Table p. 337
15.3 Simultaneous Analysis of Two Data Blocks by Partial Least-Squares Regression (PLSR) p. 342
15.4 Simultaneous Analysis of Several Data Blocks by Multiblock PCA p. 347
15.5 Alternative Multiblock Methods p. 352
References p. 354
16 Interplay of Univariate and Multivariate Analysis in Vibrational Microscopic Imaging of Mineralized Tissue and Skin Guojin Zhang and K. L. Andrew Chan and Carol R. Flach and Richard Mendelsohn p. 357
16.1 Introduction p. 357
16.2 IR Microscopic Characterization of an Unusual Form of Osteoporosis p. 359
16.3 Applications to the Epidermis p. 363
16.4 Concluding Remarks p. 376
Acknowledgments p. 376
References p. 376
Index p. 379