简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
This collection of foundational papers on sex differences in the brain traces the development of a much-invoked, fast-growing young field at the intersection of brain and behavior. The reader is introduced to the meaning and nature of sexual dimorphisms, the mechanisms and consequences of steroid hormone action, and the impact of the field on interpretations of sexuality and gender. Building on each other in point-counterpoint fashion, the papers tell a fascinating story of an emerging science working out its core assumptions. Experimental and theoretical papers, woven together by editor's introductions, open a window onto knowledge in the making and a vigorous debate between reductionist and pluralist interpreters. Five major sections include papers on conceptual and methodological background, central nervous system dimorphisms, mechanisms for creating dimorphisms, dimorphisms and cognition, and dimorphisms and identity. Each section builds from basic concepts to early experiments, from experimental models to humans, and from molecules to mind. Papers by such leading scholars as Arthur Arnold, Frank Beach, Anne Fausto-Sterling, Patricia Goldman-Rakic, Doreen Kimura, Simon LeVay, Bruce McEwen, Michael Merzenich, Bertram O'Malley, Geoffrey Raisman, and Dick Swaab, illustrate a rich blend of perspectives, approaches, methods, and findings. Sex and the Brain will show students how a scientific paper can be analyzed from many perspectives, and supply them with critical tools for judging a rapidly emerging science in a contentious area. Gillian Einstein is Associate Professor in the Departments of Psychology and Public Health Science at the University of Toronto. She has held positions at Duke University and the National Institute of Health.
Publisher Summary 2
A collection of foundational texts on the nature and behavioral consequences of sex differences in the brain, allowing readers to follow the development of a rapidly growing but contentious field and giving them the tools to analyze emerging scientific findings from many perspectives.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Acknowledgments xiii
Preface xv
I. BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION 1(240)
The Concept of Sexual Dimorphisms
Sexually dimorphic behavior: Definition and the organizational hypothesis. In R. W. Goy and B. S. McEwen (Eds.), Sexual Differentiation of the Brain: Based on a Work Session of the Neuosciences Research Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-12. 7(8)
Robert W. Goy
Bruce S. McEwen
Sex differences in behavior: Rodents, birds, and primates. In R. W. Goy and B. S. McEwen (Eds.), Sexual Differentiation of the Brain: Based on a Work Session of the Neuosciences Research Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 13-58. 15(26)
Robert W. Goy
Bruce S. McEwen
Female mating behavior shown by male rats after administration of testosterone propionate. Endocrinology 29: 409-412. 41(4)
Frank A. Beach
Masculine copulatory behavior in intact and castrated female rats. Endocrinology 31: 393-409. 45(14)
Frank A. Beach
Priscilla Rasquin
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
An urge to explain the incomprehensible: Geoffrey Harris and the discovery of the neural control of the pituitary gland. Annual Review of Neuroscience 20: 533-566. 59(18)
G. Raisman
The induction of ovulation in the rabbit, by electrical stimulation of the hypothalmo-hypophysial mechanism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 612: 374-394. 77(14)
G. W. Harris
Proliferative capacity of the hypophysial portal vessels. Nature 165: 854. 91(2)
G. W. Harris
Dora Jacobsohn
The effect of intrapituitary infusion of median eminence and other brain extracts on anterior pituitary gonadotrophic secretion. Journal of Physiology 170: 474-486. 93(10)
H. J. Campbell
G. Feuer
G. W. Harris
Sexual Differentiation
Sexual differentiation of the central nervous system. Science 211: 1294-1302. 103(14)
Neil J. MacLusky
Frederick Naftolin
A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif. Nature 346: 240-244. 117(8)
Andrew H. Sinclair
Philippe Berta
Mark S. Palmer
J. Ross Hawkins
Beatrice L. Griffiths
Matthijs J. Smith
Jamie W. Foster
Anna-Maria Frischauf
Robin Lovell-Badge
Peter N. Goodfellow
Molecular basis of mammalian sexual determination: Activation of Mullerian inhibiting substance gene expression by SRY. Science 266: 1494-1500. 125(12)
Christopher M. Haqq
Chih-Yen King
Etsuji Ukiyama
Sassan Falsafi
Tania N. Haqq
Patricia K. Donahoe
Michael A. Weiss
The Alignment of Chromosomes, Phenotype, and Gender
Exchange of terminal portions of X- and Y-chromosomal short arms in human XX males. Nature 328: 437-440. 137(4)
David C. Page
Laura G. Brown
Albert de la Chapelle
Steroid 5-alpha-reductase deficiency in man: An inherited form of male pseu-dohermaphroditism. Science 186: 1213-1215. 141(4)
Julianne Imperato-McGinley
Luis Guerrero
Teofilo Gautier
Ralph E. Peterson
Phenotypic features, androgen receptor binding, and mutational analysis in 278 clinical cases reported as androgen insensitivity syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85: 658-665. 145(10)
S. F. Ahmed
A. Cheng
L. Dovey
J. R. Hawkins
H. Martin
J. Rowland
N. Shimura
A. D. Tait
I. A. Hughes
47, XXY female with testicular feminization and positive SRY: A case report. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 50: 138-140. 155(2)
Eloisa Saavedra-Castillo
Elvia I. Cortes-Gutierrez
Martha I. Davila-Rodriguez
Maria Eugenia Reyes-Martinez
Amalia Oliveros-Rodriguez
The five sexes: Why male and female are not enough. The Sciences 33: 20-24. 157(6)
Anne Fausto-Sterling
The Biochemistry and Actions of Steroid Hormones
Estrogen formation in the mammalian brain: Possible role of aromatase in sexual differentiation of the hippocampus and neocortex. Steroids 50: 459-474. 163(8)
Neil J. MacLusky
Ann S. Clark
Frederick Naftolin
Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic
Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor super-family. Annual Review of Biochemistry 63: 451-486. 171(20)
Ming-Jer Tsai
Bert W. O'Malley
Inhibition of rat sexual behavior by antisense oligonucleotides to the progesterone receptor. Endocrinology 135: 1409-1414. 191(8)
Shailaja K. Mani
Jeffrey D. Blaustein
Jamie M. C. Allen
Simon W. Law
Bert W. O'Malley
James H. Clark
Hormonal regulation of hypothalamic gene expression: Identification of multiple novel estrogen induced genes. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 51: 131-136. 199(8)
Simon W. Law
Ede M. Apostolakis
Patrick J. Samora
Bert W. O'Malley
James H. Clark
Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. New England Journal of Medicine 331: 1056-1061. 207(8)
Eric P. Smith
Jeff Boyd
Graeme R. Frank
Hiroyuki Takahashi
Robert M. Cohen
Bonny Specker
Timothy C. Williams
Dennis B. Lubahn
Kenneth S. Korach
Organization and Activation
Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig. Endocrinology 65: 369-382. 215(8)
Charles H. Phoenix
Robert W. Goy
Arnold A. Gerall
William C. Young
Hormones and sexual behavior. Science 143: 212-218. 223(8)
William C. Young
Robert W. Goy
Charles H. Phoenix
Neonatal androgens influence the social play of prepubescent rats. Hormones and Behavior 15: 197-213. 231(10)
Michael J. Meany
Jane Stewart
II. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIMORPHISMS 241(158)
The Song Bird
Sexual dimorphism in vocal control areas of the songbird brain. Science 194: 211-213. 247(4)
Fernando Nottebohm
Arthur P. Arnold
Testosterone triggers growth of brain vocal control nuclei in adult female canaries. Brain Research 189: 429-436. 251(6)
Fernando Nottebohm
Altered perception of species-specific song by female birds after lesions of a forebrain nucleus. Science 251: 303-305. 257(4)
Eliot A. Brenowitz
The Mammalian Spinal Cord
Hormone accumalation in a sexually dimorphic motor nucleus of the rat spinal cord. Science 210: 564-566. 261(4)
S. Marc Breedlove
Arthur P. Arnold
Hormonal control of a developing neuromuscular system. I. Complete demasculinization of the male rat spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus using the anti-androgen flutamide. Journal of Neuroscience 3: 417-423 265(8)
S. Marc Breedlove
Arthur P. Arnold
Sexual dimorphism in human and canine spinal cord: Role of early androgen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 83: 7527-7531. 273(6)
Nancy G. Forger
S. Marc Breedlove
The Mammalian Brain: The Anatomy of Cycling
Sexual dimorphism in the neuropil of the preoptic area of the rat and its dependence on neonatal androgen. Brain Research 54: 1-29. 279(20)
G. Raisman
P. M. Field
Sex difference in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the human brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 302: 697-706. 299(12)
Laura S. Allen
Roger A. Gorski
The Mammalian Brain: The Anatomy of Difference
Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain. Brain Research 148: 333-346. 311(10)
R. A. Gorski
J. H. Gordon
J. E. Shryne
A. M. Southam
A. Sexually dimorphic nucleus in the human brain. Science 228: 112-115. 321(6)
D. F. Swaab
E. Fliers
Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience 9: 497-506. 327(12)
Laura S. Allen
Melissa Hines
James E. Shryne
Roger A. Gorski
The Mammalian Brain: Physiological Correlates
Effects of discrete lesions of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area or other medial preoptic regions on the sexual behavior of male rats. Brain Research Bulletin 10: 147-154. 339(8)
Gary W. Arendash
Roger A. Gorski
Sexual behavior in male Rhesus monkeys elicited by electrical stimulation of preoptic and hypothalamic areas. Brain Research 177: 127-144. 347(12)
A. A. Perachio
L. D. Marr
M. Alexander
Medial preoptic and hypothalamic neuronal activity during sexual behavior of the male monkey. Brain Research 266: 340-343. 359(4)
Y. Oomura
H. Yoshimatsu
S. Aou
Demonstration of a sexual dimorphism in the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus of the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 225: 151-166. 363(16)
R. B. Simerly
L. W. Swanson
R. A. Gorski
The Mammalian Brain: Neurotransmitter Systems
Reversal of the sexually dimorphic distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus by treatment with perinatal androgen. Brain Research 340: 91-98. 379(6)
R. B. Simerly
L. W. Swanson
R. A. Gorski
Sex differences in vasopressin and other neurotrans-mitter systems in the brain. Progress in Brain Research 61: 185-197. 385(14)
G. J. De Vries
R. M. Buijs
F. W. van Leeuwen
III. MECHANISMS OF CREATING DIMORPHISMS 399(134)
Receptor-Mediated Estrogenic Effects
Distribution of androgen target cells in rat forebrain and pituitary after [3H]-dihydrotestosterone administration. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 8: 1131-1135. 403(6)
Madhabananda Sar
Walter E. Stumpf
Developmental changes in estrogen receptors in mouse cerebral cortex between birth and postweaning: Studied by autora-diography with 11β-methoxy-16α-[125l]iodoestradiol. Endocrinology 126: 1112-1124. 409(12)
Paul J. Shughrue
Walter E. Stumpf
Neil J. MacLusky
Jan E. Zielinski
Richard B. Hochberg
A previously uncharacterized role for estrogen receptor β: Defeminization of male brain and behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102: 4608-4612. 421(6)
Andrea E. Kudwa
Cristian Bodo
Jan-Ake Gustafsson
Emilie F. Rissman
ER-X: A novel, plasma membrane-associated, putative estrogen receptor that is regulated during development and after ischemic brain injury. Journal of Neuroscience 22: 8391-8401. 427(14)
C. Dominique Toran-Allerand
Xiaoping Guan
Neil J. MacLusky
Tamas L. Horvath
Sabrina Diano
Meharvan Singh
E. Sander Connolly Jr
Imam S. Nethrapalli
Alexander A. Tinnikov
Estrogens and Growth Factors
Sex steroids and the development of the newborn mouse hypothalamus and preoptic area in vitro: Implications for sexual differentiation. Brain Research 106: 407-412. 441(4)
C. Dominique Toran-Allerand
Sex steroids promote neurite growth in mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in vitro. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 5: 91-98. 445(6)
Ingrid Reisert
Victor Han
Erich Lieth
Dominique Toran-Allerand
Christoph Pilgrim
Jean Lauder
Estrogen receptors colocalize with low-affinity nerve growth factor receptors in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89: 4668-4672. 451(6)
C. Dominique Toran-Allerand
Rajesh C. Miranda
Wayne D. L. Bentham
Farida Sohrabji
Theodore J. Brown
Richard B. Hochberg
Neil J. MacLusky
Estrogens and Plasticity
Early estrogen-induced nuclear changes in rat hypothalamic ventromedial neurons: An ultrastructural and morphometric analysis. Journal of Comparative Neurology 239: 255-266. 457(14)
Kathryn J. Jones
Donald W. Pfaff
Bruce S. McEwen
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine and gonadal steroid manipulation alter spine density in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. Neuro-endocrinology 54: 653-657. 471(6)
Maya Frankfurt
Bruce S. McEwen
Estradiol mediates fluctuation in hippocampal synapse density during the estrous cycle in the adult rat. Journal of Neuroscience 12: 2549-2554. 477(8)
Catherine S. Woolley
Bruce S. McEwen
Genes
Sex differences of hypothalamic prolactin cells develop independently of the presence of sex steroids. Brain Research 593: 253-256. 485(4)
Cordian Beyer
Walter Kolbinger
Ulrike Froehlich
Christof Pilgrim
Ingrid Reisert
A model system for study of sex chromosome effects on sexually dimorphic neural and behavioral traits. Journal of Neuroscience 15: 9005-9014 489(12)
Geert J. De Vries
Emilie F. Rissman
Richard B. Simerly
Liang-Yo Yang
Elka M. Scordalakes
Catherine J. Auger
Amanda Swain
Robin Lovell-Badge
Paul S. Burgoyne
Arthur P. Arnold
Experience
Steroid hormones and the brain: Linking ``nature'' and ``nurture.'' Neurochemical Research 13: 663-669. 501(6)
Bruce S. McEwen
Motherhood modifies magnocellular neuronal interrelationships in functionally meaningful ways. In N. A. Krasnegor and R. S. Bridges (Eds.), Mammalian Parenting: Biochemical, Neuro-biological, and Behavioral Determinants. New York, Oxford University Press. 507(10)
Barbara K. Modney
Glenn I. Hatton
Alterations of the cortical representation of the rat ventrum induced by nursing behavior. Journal of Neuroscience 14: 1710-1721. 517(16)
Christian Xerri
Judith M. Stern J. M.
Michael M. Merzenich
IV. DIMORPHISMS AND COGNITION 533(128)
Intellectual and Spatial Abilities
Sex-dependent behavioral effects of cerebral cortical lesions in the developing Rhesus monkey. Science 186: 540-542. 537(4)
Patricia S. Goldman
Howard T. Crawford
Linton P. Stokes
Thelma W. Galkin
H. Enger Rosvold
Sex and the single hemisphere: Specialization of the right hemisphere for spatial processing. Science 193: 425-427. 541(4)
Sandra F. Witelson
Sex differences in the effects of unilateral brain damage on intelligence. Science 212: 693-695. 545(4)
James Inglis
J. S. Lawson
Left-handedness: Association with immune disease, migraine, and developmental learning disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 79: 5097-5100. 549(6)
Norman Geschwind
Peter Behan
Cognitive abilities in androgen-insensitive subjects: Comparison with control males and females from the same kindred. Clinical Endocrinology 34: 341-347. 555(6)
Julianne Imperato-McGinley
Marino Pichardo
Teofilo Gautier
Daniel Voyer
M. Philip Bryden
Sex differences in regional cerebral glucose metabolism during a resting state. Science 267: 528-531. 561(6)
Ruben C. Gur
Lyn Harper Mozley
P. David Mozley
Susan M. Resnick
Joel S. Karp
Abass Alavi
Steven T. Arnold
Raquel E. Gur
Language Abilities
Sex differences in cerebral organization for speech and praxic functions. Canadian Journal of Psychology 37: 19-35. 567(10)
Doreen Kimura
Women have greater density of neurons in posterior temporal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 15: 3418-3428. 577(14)
S. F. Witelson
I. I. Glezer
D. L. Kigar
Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language. Nature 373: 607-609. 591(4)
Bennett A. Shaywitz
Sally E. Shaywitz
Kenneth R. Pugh
R. Todd Constable
Pawel Skudlarski
Robert K. Fulbright
Richard A. Bronen
Jack M. Fletcher
Donald P. Shankweiler
Leonard Katz
John C. Gore
Sex differences in functional brain activation during a lexical visual field task. Brain and Language 80: 97-105. 595(6)
Susan L. Rossell
Edward T. Bullmore
Steve C. R. Williams
Anthony S. David
Hemispheric Specialization
Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum. Science 216: 1431-1432. 601(4)
Christine de Lacoste-Utamsing
Ralph L. Holloway
No sex-related differences in human corpus callosum based on magnetic resonance imagery. Annals of Neurology 21: 604-606. 605(4)
Jeffrey S. Oppenheim
Benjamin C. P. Lee
Ruth Nass
Michael S. Gazzaniga
Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum from three independent samples: Relative size of the corpus callosum. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 92: 481-498. 609(14)
Ralph L. Halloway
Paul J. Anderson
Richard Defendini
Clive Harper
Sexual dimorphism of the anterior commissure and massa intermedia of the human brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 312: 97-104. 623(10)
Laura S. Allen
Roger A. Gorski
Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human being. Journal of Neuroscience 11: 933-942. 633(12)
Laura S. Allen
Mark F. Richey
Yee M. Chai
Roger A. Gorski
Disruption of estrogen receptor β gene impairs spatial learning in female mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99: 3996-4001. 645(8)
Emilie F. Rissman
Amy L. Heck
Julie E. Leonard
Margaret A. Shupnik
Jan-Ake Gustafsson
Spatial memory performance in androgen insensitive male rats. Physiology and Behavior 85: 135-141. 653(8)
Bryan A. Jones
Neil V. Watson
V. DIMORPHISMS AND IDENTITY 661(130)
Female and Male
Androgens and gender role behaviour in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Progress in Brain Research 61: 417-422. 665(4)
Froukje M. E. Slijper
Gender dysphoria and gender change in androgen insensitivity or micropenis. Archives of Sexual Behavior 34: 411-421. 669(12)
Tom Mazur
Correlation between genotype, phenotype, and sex of rearing in 111 patients with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 63: 56-62. 681(8)
A. Deeb
C. Mason
Y. S. Lee
I. A. Hughes
Gay and Straight
Heterosexual, autosexual and social behavior of adult male Rhesus monkeys with medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions. Brain Research 142: 105-122. 689(12)
Jefferson C. Slimp
Benjamin L. Hart
Robert W. Goy
Sexual orientation after prenatal exposure to exogenous estrogens. Archives of Sexual Behavior 14: 57-77. 701(12)
Anke A. Ehrhardt
Heino F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg
Laura R. Rosen
Judith F. Feldman
Norma P. Veridiano
I. Zimmerman
Bruce S. McEwen
An enlarged suprachiasmatic nucleus in homosexual men. Brain Research 537: 141-148. 713(8)
D. F. Swaab
M. A. Hofman
A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science 253: 1034-1037. 721(4)
Simon LeVay
Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89:7199-7202. 725(6)
Laura S. Allen
Roger A. Gorski
Brain response to putative pheromones in homosexual men. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102: 7356-7361. 731(8)
Ivanka Savic
Hans Berglund
Per Lindstrom
Transgendered and Gendered
Psycho-sexual disorders in children and adolescents. Child Psychology and Psychiatry 33: 107-151. 739(28)
Kenneth J. Zucker
Richard Green
Estrogen positive feedback on LH secretion in transsexuality. Psychoneuroendocrinology 9: 249-259. 767(8)
L. J. G. Gooren
B. R. Rao
H. van Kessel
W. Harmsen-Louman
A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature 378: 68-70. 775(6)
Jiang-Ning Zhou
Michel A. Hofman
Louis J. G. Gooren
Dick F. Swaab
Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85: 2034-2041. 781(10)
Frank P. M. Kruijver
Jiang-Ning Zhou
Chris W. Pool
Michel A. Hofman
Louis J. G. Gooren
Dick F. Swaab
VI. EPILOGUE 791(30)
Review: Historical origins of modern research on hormones and behavior. Hormones and Behavior 15: 325-376. 793(28)
Frank A. Beach
Index 821
Acknowledgments xiii
Preface xv
I. BACKGROUND/INTRODUCTION 1(240)
The Concept of Sexual Dimorphisms
Sexually dimorphic behavior: Definition and the organizational hypothesis. In R. W. Goy and B. S. McEwen (Eds.), Sexual Differentiation of the Brain: Based on a Work Session of the Neuosciences Research Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 1-12. 7(8)
Robert W. Goy
Bruce S. McEwen
Sex differences in behavior: Rodents, birds, and primates. In R. W. Goy and B. S. McEwen (Eds.), Sexual Differentiation of the Brain: Based on a Work Session of the Neuosciences Research Program. MIT Press, Cambridge, pp. 13-58. 15(26)
Robert W. Goy
Bruce S. McEwen
Female mating behavior shown by male rats after administration of testosterone propionate. Endocrinology 29: 409-412. 41(4)
Frank A. Beach
Masculine copulatory behavior in intact and castrated female rats. Endocrinology 31: 393-409. 45(14)
Frank A. Beach
Priscilla Rasquin
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
An urge to explain the incomprehensible: Geoffrey Harris and the discovery of the neural control of the pituitary gland. Annual Review of Neuroscience 20: 533-566. 59(18)
G. Raisman
The induction of ovulation in the rabbit, by electrical stimulation of the hypothalmo-hypophysial mechanism. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 612: 374-394. 77(14)
G. W. Harris
Proliferative capacity of the hypophysial portal vessels. Nature 165: 854. 91(2)
G. W. Harris
Dora Jacobsohn
The effect of intrapituitary infusion of median eminence and other brain extracts on anterior pituitary gonadotrophic secretion. Journal of Physiology 170: 474-486. 93(10)
H. J. Campbell
G. Feuer
G. W. Harris
Sexual Differentiation
Sexual differentiation of the central nervous system. Science 211: 1294-1302. 103(14)
Neil J. MacLusky
Frederick Naftolin
A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif. Nature 346: 240-244. 117(8)
Andrew H. Sinclair
Philippe Berta
Mark S. Palmer
J. Ross Hawkins
Beatrice L. Griffiths
Matthijs J. Smith
Jamie W. Foster
Anna-Maria Frischauf
Robin Lovell-Badge
Peter N. Goodfellow
Molecular basis of mammalian sexual determination: Activation of Mullerian inhibiting substance gene expression by SRY. Science 266: 1494-1500. 125(12)
Christopher M. Haqq
Chih-Yen King
Etsuji Ukiyama
Sassan Falsafi
Tania N. Haqq
Patricia K. Donahoe
Michael A. Weiss
The Alignment of Chromosomes, Phenotype, and Gender
Exchange of terminal portions of X- and Y-chromosomal short arms in human XX males. Nature 328: 437-440. 137(4)
David C. Page
Laura G. Brown
Albert de la Chapelle
Steroid 5-alpha-reductase deficiency in man: An inherited form of male pseu-dohermaphroditism. Science 186: 1213-1215. 141(4)
Julianne Imperato-McGinley
Luis Guerrero
Teofilo Gautier
Ralph E. Peterson
Phenotypic features, androgen receptor binding, and mutational analysis in 278 clinical cases reported as androgen insensitivity syndrome. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85: 658-665. 145(10)
S. F. Ahmed
A. Cheng
L. Dovey
J. R. Hawkins
H. Martin
J. Rowland
N. Shimura
A. D. Tait
I. A. Hughes
47, XXY female with testicular feminization and positive SRY: A case report. Journal of Reproductive Medicine 50: 138-140. 155(2)
Eloisa Saavedra-Castillo
Elvia I. Cortes-Gutierrez
Martha I. Davila-Rodriguez
Maria Eugenia Reyes-Martinez
Amalia Oliveros-Rodriguez
The five sexes: Why male and female are not enough. The Sciences 33: 20-24. 157(6)
Anne Fausto-Sterling
The Biochemistry and Actions of Steroid Hormones
Estrogen formation in the mammalian brain: Possible role of aromatase in sexual differentiation of the hippocampus and neocortex. Steroids 50: 459-474. 163(8)
Neil J. MacLusky
Ann S. Clark
Frederick Naftolin
Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic
Molecular mechanisms of action of steroid/thyroid receptor super-family. Annual Review of Biochemistry 63: 451-486. 171(20)
Ming-Jer Tsai
Bert W. O'Malley
Inhibition of rat sexual behavior by antisense oligonucleotides to the progesterone receptor. Endocrinology 135: 1409-1414. 191(8)
Shailaja K. Mani
Jeffrey D. Blaustein
Jamie M. C. Allen
Simon W. Law
Bert W. O'Malley
James H. Clark
Hormonal regulation of hypothalamic gene expression: Identification of multiple novel estrogen induced genes. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 51: 131-136. 199(8)
Simon W. Law
Ede M. Apostolakis
Patrick J. Samora
Bert W. O'Malley
James H. Clark
Estrogen resistance caused by a mutation in the estrogen-receptor gene in a man. New England Journal of Medicine 331: 1056-1061. 207(8)
Eric P. Smith
Jeff Boyd
Graeme R. Frank
Hiroyuki Takahashi
Robert M. Cohen
Bonny Specker
Timothy C. Williams
Dennis B. Lubahn
Kenneth S. Korach
Organization and Activation
Organizing action of prenatally administered testosterone propionate on the tissues mediating mating behavior in the female guinea pig. Endocrinology 65: 369-382. 215(8)
Charles H. Phoenix
Robert W. Goy
Arnold A. Gerall
William C. Young
Hormones and sexual behavior. Science 143: 212-218. 223(8)
William C. Young
Robert W. Goy
Charles H. Phoenix
Neonatal androgens influence the social play of prepubescent rats. Hormones and Behavior 15: 197-213. 231(10)
Michael J. Meany
Jane Stewart
II. CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM DIMORPHISMS 241(158)
The Song Bird
Sexual dimorphism in vocal control areas of the songbird brain. Science 194: 211-213. 247(4)
Fernando Nottebohm
Arthur P. Arnold
Testosterone triggers growth of brain vocal control nuclei in adult female canaries. Brain Research 189: 429-436. 251(6)
Fernando Nottebohm
Altered perception of species-specific song by female birds after lesions of a forebrain nucleus. Science 251: 303-305. 257(4)
Eliot A. Brenowitz
The Mammalian Spinal Cord
Hormone accumalation in a sexually dimorphic motor nucleus of the rat spinal cord. Science 210: 564-566. 261(4)
S. Marc Breedlove
Arthur P. Arnold
Hormonal control of a developing neuromuscular system. I. Complete demasculinization of the male rat spinal nucleus of the bulbocavernosus using the anti-androgen flutamide. Journal of Neuroscience 3: 417-423 265(8)
S. Marc Breedlove
Arthur P. Arnold
Sexual dimorphism in human and canine spinal cord: Role of early androgen. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 83: 7527-7531. 273(6)
Nancy G. Forger
S. Marc Breedlove
The Mammalian Brain: The Anatomy of Cycling
Sexual dimorphism in the neuropil of the preoptic area of the rat and its dependence on neonatal androgen. Brain Research 54: 1-29. 279(20)
G. Raisman
P. M. Field
Sex difference in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis of the human brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 302: 697-706. 299(12)
Laura S. Allen
Roger A. Gorski
The Mammalian Brain: The Anatomy of Difference
Evidence for a morphological sex difference within the medial preoptic area of the rat brain. Brain Research 148: 333-346. 311(10)
R. A. Gorski
J. H. Gordon
J. E. Shryne
A. M. Southam
A. Sexually dimorphic nucleus in the human brain. Science 228: 112-115. 321(6)
D. F. Swaab
E. Fliers
Two sexually dimorphic cell groups in the human brain. Journal of Neuroscience 9: 497-506. 327(12)
Laura S. Allen
Melissa Hines
James E. Shryne
Roger A. Gorski
The Mammalian Brain: Physiological Correlates
Effects of discrete lesions of the sexually dimorphic nucleus of the preoptic area or other medial preoptic regions on the sexual behavior of male rats. Brain Research Bulletin 10: 147-154. 339(8)
Gary W. Arendash
Roger A. Gorski
Sexual behavior in male Rhesus monkeys elicited by electrical stimulation of preoptic and hypothalamic areas. Brain Research 177: 127-144. 347(12)
A. A. Perachio
L. D. Marr
M. Alexander
Medial preoptic and hypothalamic neuronal activity during sexual behavior of the male monkey. Brain Research 266: 340-343. 359(4)
Y. Oomura
H. Yoshimatsu
S. Aou
Demonstration of a sexual dimorphism in the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus of the rat. Journal of Comparative Neurology 225: 151-166. 363(16)
R. B. Simerly
L. W. Swanson
R. A. Gorski
The Mammalian Brain: Neurotransmitter Systems
Reversal of the sexually dimorphic distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers in the medial preoptic nucleus by treatment with perinatal androgen. Brain Research 340: 91-98. 379(6)
R. B. Simerly
L. W. Swanson
R. A. Gorski
Sex differences in vasopressin and other neurotrans-mitter systems in the brain. Progress in Brain Research 61: 185-197. 385(14)
G. J. De Vries
R. M. Buijs
F. W. van Leeuwen
III. MECHANISMS OF CREATING DIMORPHISMS 399(134)
Receptor-Mediated Estrogenic Effects
Distribution of androgen target cells in rat forebrain and pituitary after [3H]-dihydrotestosterone administration. Journal of Steroid Biochemistry 8: 1131-1135. 403(6)
Madhabananda Sar
Walter E. Stumpf
Developmental changes in estrogen receptors in mouse cerebral cortex between birth and postweaning: Studied by autora-diography with 11β-methoxy-16α-[125l]iodoestradiol. Endocrinology 126: 1112-1124. 409(12)
Paul J. Shughrue
Walter E. Stumpf
Neil J. MacLusky
Jan E. Zielinski
Richard B. Hochberg
A previously uncharacterized role for estrogen receptor β: Defeminization of male brain and behavior. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102: 4608-4612. 421(6)
Andrea E. Kudwa
Cristian Bodo
Jan-Ake Gustafsson
Emilie F. Rissman
ER-X: A novel, plasma membrane-associated, putative estrogen receptor that is regulated during development and after ischemic brain injury. Journal of Neuroscience 22: 8391-8401. 427(14)
C. Dominique Toran-Allerand
Xiaoping Guan
Neil J. MacLusky
Tamas L. Horvath
Sabrina Diano
Meharvan Singh
E. Sander Connolly Jr
Imam S. Nethrapalli
Alexander A. Tinnikov
Estrogens and Growth Factors
Sex steroids and the development of the newborn mouse hypothalamus and preoptic area in vitro: Implications for sexual differentiation. Brain Research 106: 407-412. 441(4)
C. Dominique Toran-Allerand
Sex steroids promote neurite growth in mesencephalic tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons in vitro. International Journal of Developmental Neuroscience 5: 91-98. 445(6)
Ingrid Reisert
Victor Han
Erich Lieth
Dominique Toran-Allerand
Christoph Pilgrim
Jean Lauder
Estrogen receptors colocalize with low-affinity nerve growth factor receptors in cholinergic neurons of the basal forebrain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89: 4668-4672. 451(6)
C. Dominique Toran-Allerand
Rajesh C. Miranda
Wayne D. L. Bentham
Farida Sohrabji
Theodore J. Brown
Richard B. Hochberg
Neil J. MacLusky
Estrogens and Plasticity
Early estrogen-induced nuclear changes in rat hypothalamic ventromedial neurons: An ultrastructural and morphometric analysis. Journal of Comparative Neurology 239: 255-266. 457(14)
Kathryn J. Jones
Donald W. Pfaff
Bruce S. McEwen
5,7-Dihydroxytryptamine and gonadal steroid manipulation alter spine density in ventromedial hypothalamic neurons. Neuro-endocrinology 54: 653-657. 471(6)
Maya Frankfurt
Bruce S. McEwen
Estradiol mediates fluctuation in hippocampal synapse density during the estrous cycle in the adult rat. Journal of Neuroscience 12: 2549-2554. 477(8)
Catherine S. Woolley
Bruce S. McEwen
Genes
Sex differences of hypothalamic prolactin cells develop independently of the presence of sex steroids. Brain Research 593: 253-256. 485(4)
Cordian Beyer
Walter Kolbinger
Ulrike Froehlich
Christof Pilgrim
Ingrid Reisert
A model system for study of sex chromosome effects on sexually dimorphic neural and behavioral traits. Journal of Neuroscience 15: 9005-9014 489(12)
Geert J. De Vries
Emilie F. Rissman
Richard B. Simerly
Liang-Yo Yang
Elka M. Scordalakes
Catherine J. Auger
Amanda Swain
Robin Lovell-Badge
Paul S. Burgoyne
Arthur P. Arnold
Experience
Steroid hormones and the brain: Linking ``nature'' and ``nurture.'' Neurochemical Research 13: 663-669. 501(6)
Bruce S. McEwen
Motherhood modifies magnocellular neuronal interrelationships in functionally meaningful ways. In N. A. Krasnegor and R. S. Bridges (Eds.), Mammalian Parenting: Biochemical, Neuro-biological, and Behavioral Determinants. New York, Oxford University Press. 507(10)
Barbara K. Modney
Glenn I. Hatton
Alterations of the cortical representation of the rat ventrum induced by nursing behavior. Journal of Neuroscience 14: 1710-1721. 517(16)
Christian Xerri
Judith M. Stern J. M.
Michael M. Merzenich
IV. DIMORPHISMS AND COGNITION 533(128)
Intellectual and Spatial Abilities
Sex-dependent behavioral effects of cerebral cortical lesions in the developing Rhesus monkey. Science 186: 540-542. 537(4)
Patricia S. Goldman
Howard T. Crawford
Linton P. Stokes
Thelma W. Galkin
H. Enger Rosvold
Sex and the single hemisphere: Specialization of the right hemisphere for spatial processing. Science 193: 425-427. 541(4)
Sandra F. Witelson
Sex differences in the effects of unilateral brain damage on intelligence. Science 212: 693-695. 545(4)
James Inglis
J. S. Lawson
Left-handedness: Association with immune disease, migraine, and developmental learning disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 79: 5097-5100. 549(6)
Norman Geschwind
Peter Behan
Cognitive abilities in androgen-insensitive subjects: Comparison with control males and females from the same kindred. Clinical Endocrinology 34: 341-347. 555(6)
Julianne Imperato-McGinley
Marino Pichardo
Teofilo Gautier
Daniel Voyer
M. Philip Bryden
Sex differences in regional cerebral glucose metabolism during a resting state. Science 267: 528-531. 561(6)
Ruben C. Gur
Lyn Harper Mozley
P. David Mozley
Susan M. Resnick
Joel S. Karp
Abass Alavi
Steven T. Arnold
Raquel E. Gur
Language Abilities
Sex differences in cerebral organization for speech and praxic functions. Canadian Journal of Psychology 37: 19-35. 567(10)
Doreen Kimura
Women have greater density of neurons in posterior temporal cortex. Journal of Neuroscience 15: 3418-3428. 577(14)
S. F. Witelson
I. I. Glezer
D. L. Kigar
Sex differences in the functional organization of the brain for language. Nature 373: 607-609. 591(4)
Bennett A. Shaywitz
Sally E. Shaywitz
Kenneth R. Pugh
R. Todd Constable
Pawel Skudlarski
Robert K. Fulbright
Richard A. Bronen
Jack M. Fletcher
Donald P. Shankweiler
Leonard Katz
John C. Gore
Sex differences in functional brain activation during a lexical visual field task. Brain and Language 80: 97-105. 595(6)
Susan L. Rossell
Edward T. Bullmore
Steve C. R. Williams
Anthony S. David
Hemispheric Specialization
Sexual dimorphism in the human corpus callosum. Science 216: 1431-1432. 601(4)
Christine de Lacoste-Utamsing
Ralph L. Holloway
No sex-related differences in human corpus callosum based on magnetic resonance imagery. Annals of Neurology 21: 604-606. 605(4)
Jeffrey S. Oppenheim
Benjamin C. P. Lee
Ruth Nass
Michael S. Gazzaniga
Sexual dimorphism of the human corpus callosum from three independent samples: Relative size of the corpus callosum. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 92: 481-498. 609(14)
Ralph L. Halloway
Paul J. Anderson
Richard Defendini
Clive Harper
Sexual dimorphism of the anterior commissure and massa intermedia of the human brain. Journal of Comparative Neurology 312: 97-104. 623(10)
Laura S. Allen
Roger A. Gorski
Sex differences in the corpus callosum of the living human being. Journal of Neuroscience 11: 933-942. 633(12)
Laura S. Allen
Mark F. Richey
Yee M. Chai
Roger A. Gorski
Disruption of estrogen receptor β gene impairs spatial learning in female mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 99: 3996-4001. 645(8)
Emilie F. Rissman
Amy L. Heck
Julie E. Leonard
Margaret A. Shupnik
Jan-Ake Gustafsson
Spatial memory performance in androgen insensitive male rats. Physiology and Behavior 85: 135-141. 653(8)
Bryan A. Jones
Neil V. Watson
V. DIMORPHISMS AND IDENTITY 661(130)
Female and Male
Androgens and gender role behaviour in girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Progress in Brain Research 61: 417-422. 665(4)
Froukje M. E. Slijper
Gender dysphoria and gender change in androgen insensitivity or micropenis. Archives of Sexual Behavior 34: 411-421. 669(12)
Tom Mazur
Correlation between genotype, phenotype, and sex of rearing in 111 patients with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome. Clinical Endocrinology 63: 56-62. 681(8)
A. Deeb
C. Mason
Y. S. Lee
I. A. Hughes
Gay and Straight
Heterosexual, autosexual and social behavior of adult male Rhesus monkeys with medial preoptic-anterior hypothalamic lesions. Brain Research 142: 105-122. 689(12)
Jefferson C. Slimp
Benjamin L. Hart
Robert W. Goy
Sexual orientation after prenatal exposure to exogenous estrogens. Archives of Sexual Behavior 14: 57-77. 701(12)
Anke A. Ehrhardt
Heino F. L. Meyer-Bahlburg
Laura R. Rosen
Judith F. Feldman
Norma P. Veridiano
I. Zimmerman
Bruce S. McEwen
An enlarged suprachiasmatic nucleus in homosexual men. Brain Research 537: 141-148. 713(8)
D. F. Swaab
M. A. Hofman
A difference in hypothalamic structure between heterosexual and homosexual men. Science 253: 1034-1037. 721(4)
Simon LeVay
Sexual orientation and the size of the anterior commissure in the human brain. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 89:7199-7202. 725(6)
Laura S. Allen
Roger A. Gorski
Brain response to putative pheromones in homosexual men. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA 102: 7356-7361. 731(8)
Ivanka Savic
Hans Berglund
Per Lindstrom
Transgendered and Gendered
Psycho-sexual disorders in children and adolescents. Child Psychology and Psychiatry 33: 107-151. 739(28)
Kenneth J. Zucker
Richard Green
Estrogen positive feedback on LH secretion in transsexuality. Psychoneuroendocrinology 9: 249-259. 767(8)
L. J. G. Gooren
B. R. Rao
H. van Kessel
W. Harmsen-Louman
A sex difference in the human brain and its relation to transsexuality. Nature 378: 68-70. 775(6)
Jiang-Ning Zhou
Michel A. Hofman
Louis J. G. Gooren
Dick F. Swaab
Male-to-female transsexuals have female neuron numbers in a limbic nucleus. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism 85: 2034-2041. 781(10)
Frank P. M. Kruijver
Jiang-Ning Zhou
Chris W. Pool
Michel A. Hofman
Louis J. G. Gooren
Dick F. Swaab
VI. EPILOGUE 791(30)
Review: Historical origins of modern research on hormones and behavior. Hormones and Behavior 15: 325-376. 793(28)
Frank A. Beach
Index 821
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