Enriching the earth : Fritz Haber, CarlBosch, and the transformation of world food production /
副标题：无
作 者：Vaclav Smil.
分类号：
ISBN：9780262194495
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简介
The industrial synthesis of ammonia from nitrogen and hydrogen, making possible artificial fertilizers, was of fundamental importance to the modern world. The expansion of the world's population from 1.6 billion people in 1900 to today's six billion would not have been possible without the synthesis of ammonia. The book begins with a discussion of nitrogen's unique status in the biosphere, its role in crop production, and traditional means of supplying the nutrient. He then looks at various attempts to expand natural nitrogen flows through mineral and synthetic fertilizers. The core of the book is a detailed narrative of the discovery of ammonia synthesis by Fritz Haber and its commercialization by Carl Bosch and the chemical company BASF.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Acknowledgments xi
Transforming the World xiii
Nitrogen in Agriculture 1(20)
Discovering the Basics
Discovering Nitrogen 2(3)
Nitrogen in Crop Production 5(8)
Nitrogen and Legumes 13(3)
Completing the Nitrogen Cycle 16(5)
Traditional Sources of Nitrogen 21(18)
Preindustrial Agricultures
Recycling of Organic Matter 22(3)
Farmyard Manures 25(3)
Cultivation of Legumes 28(3)
Nitrogen Balances in Traditional Farming 31(4)
Limits to Recycling and Legume Cultivation 35(4)
New Sources of the Nutrient 39(22)
Searching for Fixed Nitrogen
Guano 40(3)
Sodium Nitrate 43(5)
By-product Ammonia from Coking 48(3)
Synthesis of Cyanamide 51(2)
Electric Arc Process 53(2)
Plant Nutrients and Future Food Supply 55(6)
A Brilliant Discovery 61(22)
Fritz Haber's Synthesis of Ammonia
Haber's Predecessors 61(4)
Fritz Haber 65(3)
Haber's First Experiments with Ammonia 68(2)
Nernst and Haber 70(4)
BASF and Haber 74(3)
High-Pressure Catalytic Synthesis 77(6)
Creating an Industry 83(26)
Carl Bosch and BASF
Carl Bosch 85(2)
Designing High-Pressure Converters 87(6)
Finding New Catalysts 93(4)
Producing the Feedstocks and Oxidizing Ammonia 97(2)
The First Ammonia Plant at Oppau 99(4)
Ammonia Synthesis for War 103(6)
Evolution of Ammonia Synthesis 109(24)
Diffusion and Innovation
Slow Diffusion of Ammonia Production: 1918--1950 111(5)
Expansion and Changes Since 1950 116(2)
Natural Gas-Based Ammonia Synthesis 118(4)
Single-Train Plants with Centrifugal Compressors 122(5)
Continuing Innovation 127(6)
Synthetic Fertilizers 133(22)
Varieties and Applications
Nitrogen Fertilizers 134(4)
Fertilizer Applications: Global Views 138(5)
Fertilizer Nitrogen in Global Crop Production 143(2)
Regional and National Perspectives 145(7)
The Most Productive Agroecosystems 152(3)
Our Dependence on Nitrogen 155(22)
Agricultures and Populations
How Many People Does Fertilizer Nitrogen Feed? 156(5)
Human Protein Requirements 161(3)
Nitrogen in U.S. Agriculture 164(3)
Nitrogen in Chinese Farming 167(5)
Growing Dependence during the Twenty-first Century 172(5)
Consequences of the Dependence 177(22)
Human Interference in Nitrogen's Biospheric Cycle
Intensifying the Global Cycling of Nitrogen 178(2)
What Happens to Fertilizer Nitrogen 180(4)
Nitrogen Losses in Modern Farming 184(4)
Excess Nitrogen and Human Health 188(4)
Nitrogen and Natural Ecosystems 192(7)
Nitrogen and Civilization 199(24)
Managing the Nitrogen Cycle
What Has Been Accomplished 201(5)
More Efficient Fertilizing 206(5)
Stabilized Populations 211(3)
Rational Diets 214(3)
A Long View 217(6)
Postscript 223(10)
Appendixes 233(20)
Notes 253(76)
Name Index 329(2)
Subject Index 331
Acknowledgments xi
Transforming the World xiii
Nitrogen in Agriculture 1(20)
Discovering the Basics
Discovering Nitrogen 2(3)
Nitrogen in Crop Production 5(8)
Nitrogen and Legumes 13(3)
Completing the Nitrogen Cycle 16(5)
Traditional Sources of Nitrogen 21(18)
Preindustrial Agricultures
Recycling of Organic Matter 22(3)
Farmyard Manures 25(3)
Cultivation of Legumes 28(3)
Nitrogen Balances in Traditional Farming 31(4)
Limits to Recycling and Legume Cultivation 35(4)
New Sources of the Nutrient 39(22)
Searching for Fixed Nitrogen
Guano 40(3)
Sodium Nitrate 43(5)
By-product Ammonia from Coking 48(3)
Synthesis of Cyanamide 51(2)
Electric Arc Process 53(2)
Plant Nutrients and Future Food Supply 55(6)
A Brilliant Discovery 61(22)
Fritz Haber's Synthesis of Ammonia
Haber's Predecessors 61(4)
Fritz Haber 65(3)
Haber's First Experiments with Ammonia 68(2)
Nernst and Haber 70(4)
BASF and Haber 74(3)
High-Pressure Catalytic Synthesis 77(6)
Creating an Industry 83(26)
Carl Bosch and BASF
Carl Bosch 85(2)
Designing High-Pressure Converters 87(6)
Finding New Catalysts 93(4)
Producing the Feedstocks and Oxidizing Ammonia 97(2)
The First Ammonia Plant at Oppau 99(4)
Ammonia Synthesis for War 103(6)
Evolution of Ammonia Synthesis 109(24)
Diffusion and Innovation
Slow Diffusion of Ammonia Production: 1918--1950 111(5)
Expansion and Changes Since 1950 116(2)
Natural Gas-Based Ammonia Synthesis 118(4)
Single-Train Plants with Centrifugal Compressors 122(5)
Continuing Innovation 127(6)
Synthetic Fertilizers 133(22)
Varieties and Applications
Nitrogen Fertilizers 134(4)
Fertilizer Applications: Global Views 138(5)
Fertilizer Nitrogen in Global Crop Production 143(2)
Regional and National Perspectives 145(7)
The Most Productive Agroecosystems 152(3)
Our Dependence on Nitrogen 155(22)
Agricultures and Populations
How Many People Does Fertilizer Nitrogen Feed? 156(5)
Human Protein Requirements 161(3)
Nitrogen in U.S. Agriculture 164(3)
Nitrogen in Chinese Farming 167(5)
Growing Dependence during the Twenty-first Century 172(5)
Consequences of the Dependence 177(22)
Human Interference in Nitrogen's Biospheric Cycle
Intensifying the Global Cycling of Nitrogen 178(2)
What Happens to Fertilizer Nitrogen 180(4)
Nitrogen Losses in Modern Farming 184(4)
Excess Nitrogen and Human Health 188(4)
Nitrogen and Natural Ecosystems 192(7)
Nitrogen and Civilization 199(24)
Managing the Nitrogen Cycle
What Has Been Accomplished 201(5)
More Efficient Fertilizing 206(5)
Stabilized Populations 211(3)
Rational Diets 214(3)
A Long View 217(6)
Postscript 223(10)
Appendixes 233(20)
Notes 253(76)
Name Index 329(2)
Subject Index 331
Enriching the earth : Fritz Haber, CarlBosch, and the transformation of world food production /
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