Alternative solvents for green chemistry /
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ISBN：9780854041633
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简介
"Alternative Solvents for Green Chemistry uses examples that tie in with the 12 principles of green chemistry e.g.atom efficient reactions in benign solvents and processingof renewable chemicals/materials in green solvents. Readers will benefit from an overview of the many different kinds of solvents, written in such away to make the book appropriate to newcomers to the field and preparethem for the 'green choices' available.
In addition, it includes some cutting-edge results from the recent literature to give a clearer picture of where green solvents are today. The book also removes some of the mystique associated with 'alternative solvent' choicesand includes information on solvents in different fields of chemistry such as analytical and materials chemistry inaddition to catalysis and synthesis.".
"The latest research developments, not covered elsewhere, are included such as switchable solvents and biosolvents. Also, some important areas that are often overlooked are described such as naturally sourced solvents (including ethanol and ethyl lactate) and liquid polymers. As well asthese additional alternative solvents being included, the book takes a more general approach to solvents, not just focusing on the use of solvents in synthetic chemistry.
Applications of solvents in areas such as analysis are overviewed in addition to the more widely recognised uses of alternative solvents in organic synthesis." "The book is aimed at newcomers to the field whether research students beginning investigations towards their thesis or industrial researchers curious to find out if an alternative solvent would be suitable in their work."--BOOK JACKET.
目录
Chapter 1 Introduction
1.1 The Need for Alternative Solvents p. 1
1.2 Safety Considerations, Life Cycle Assessment and Green Metrics p. 4
1.2.1 Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Properties p. 4
1.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) p. 5
1.2.3 Solvents in the Pharmaceutical Industry and Immediate Alternatives to Common Laboratory Solvents p. 12
1.3 Solvent Properties Including Polarity p. 14
1.4 Summary p. 20
References p. 21
Chapter 2 `Solvent free' Chemistry
2.1 Introduction p. 23
2.2 Chemical Examples p. 25
2.2.1 Inorganic and Materials Synthesis p. 25
2.2.2 Organic Synthesis p. 27
2.2.2.1 Enantioselective Catalysis p. 36
2.2.2.2 Microwave assisted Reactions p. 39
2.2.2.3 Photoreactions p. 39
2.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 39
References p. 41
Chapter 3 Water
3.1 Introduction p. 44
3.1.1 Biphasic Systems p. 46
3.2 Chemical Examples p. 49
3.2.1 Extraction p. 49
3.2.2 Chemical Synthesis p. 51
3.2.2.1 Metal-mediated and Catalysed Reactions p. 54
3.2.2.2 Microwave Assisted Reactions p. 56
3.2.2.3 Biocatalysis p. 57
3.2.2.4 Carbon Dioxide Fixation p. 58
3.2.3 Materials Synthesis p. 60
3.3 High Temperature, Superheated or Near Critical Water p. 63
3.4 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 64
References p. 65
Chapter 4 Supercritical Fluids
4.1 Introduction p. 68
4.2 Chemical Examples p. 71
4.2.1 Supercritical and Liquid Carbon Dioxide p. 71
4.2.1.1 Solubility in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide p. 71
4.2.1.2 Extraction p. 74
4.2.1.3 Chemical Synthesis p. 76
4.2.1.4 Materials Synthesis and Modification p. 82
4.2.2 Supercritical Water and Near Critical Water p. 84
4.2.2.1 Extraction and Analytical Chemistry p. 84
4.2.2.2 Chemical Synthesis p. 86
4.2.2.3 Materials Synthesis p. 89
4.2.2.4 Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) p. 90
4.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 91
References p. 92
Chapter 5 Renewable Solvents
5.1 Introduction p. 97
5.2 Chemical Examples p. 100
5.2.1 Alcohols including Glycerol p. 100
5.2.2 Esters p. 103
5.2.2.1 Biodiesel p. 105
5.2.3 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) p. 108
5.2.4 Terpenes and Plant Oils p. 109
5.2.5 Renewable Alkanes p. 113
5.2.6 Ionic Liquids and Eutectic Mixtures Prepared from Bio-Feedstocks p. 114
5.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 115
References p. 116
Chapter 6 Room Temperature Ionic Liquids and Eutectic Mixtures
6.1 Introduction p. 118
6.2 Chemical Examples p. 123
6.2.1 Extractions using RTILS p. 123
6.2.2 Electrochemistry in RTILS p. 125
6.2.3 Synthesis in RTILS p. 126
6.2.3.1 Biocatalysis in RTILs p. 131
6.2.3.2 Polymer Synthesis and Processing p. 132
6.2.4 Selected Unconventional Uses of RTILs p. 136
6.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 138
References p. 138
Chapter 7 Fluorous Solvents and Related Systems
7.1 Introduction p. 143
7.1.1 Overview of Fluorous Approach p. 143
7.1.2 Fluorous Solvent Polarity Data, Solubility and Miscibility Data p. 145
7.1.3 Fluorous Catalysts and Reagents p. 149
7.2 Chemical Examples p. 150
7.2.1 Fluorous Extractions and Fluorous Analytical Chemistry p. 150
7.2.2 Fluorous Reactions p. 152
7.2.3 Fluorous Biphase Catalysis p. 153
7.2.3.1 Continuous Fluorous Biphase Catalysis p. 160
7.2.4 Fluorous Biological Chemistry and Biocatalysis p. 162
7.2.5 Fluorous Combinatorial Chemistry p. 164
7.2.6 Fluorous Materials Chemistry p. 166
7.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 167
References p. 167
Chapter 8 Liquid Polymers
8.1 Introduction p. 170
8.1.1 Properties of Aqueous PEG Solutions p. 170
8.2 Chemical Examples p. 173
8.2.1 PEG and PPG as Non-volatile Reaction Media p. 173
8.2.1.1 PEG as a Reaction Solvent p. 174
8.2.2 Poly(dimethylsiloxane) as a Non-volatile Reaction Medium p. 182
8.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 185
References p. 186
Chapter 9 Tunable and Switchable Solvent Systems
9.1 Introduction p. 188
9.2 Chemical Examples p. 189
9.2.1 Gas Expanded Liquids p. 189
9.2.1.1 Solvent Properties of CXLs p. 190
9.2.1.2 Applications of CXLs p. 191
9.2.2 Solvents of Switchable Polarity p. 193
9.2.3 Switchable Surfactants p. 197
9.2.4 Solvents of Switchable Volatility p. 199
9.2.5 Thermomorphic and Related Biphasic Catalysis p. 201
9.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 202
References p. 202
Chapter 10 Industrial Case Studies
10.1 Introduction p. 204
10.2 Selected Applications: Examples p. 205
10.2.1 Water as a Solvent and Reaction Medium p. 206
10.2.2 Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent and Reaction Medium p. 210
10.2.3 RTILs in Industry p. 214
10.3 Summary and Outlook p. 215
References p. 216
Subject Index p. 218
1.1 The Need for Alternative Solvents p. 1
1.2 Safety Considerations, Life Cycle Assessment and Green Metrics p. 4
1.2.1 Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Properties p. 4
1.2.2 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) p. 5
1.2.3 Solvents in the Pharmaceutical Industry and Immediate Alternatives to Common Laboratory Solvents p. 12
1.3 Solvent Properties Including Polarity p. 14
1.4 Summary p. 20
References p. 21
Chapter 2 `Solvent free' Chemistry
2.1 Introduction p. 23
2.2 Chemical Examples p. 25
2.2.1 Inorganic and Materials Synthesis p. 25
2.2.2 Organic Synthesis p. 27
2.2.2.1 Enantioselective Catalysis p. 36
2.2.2.2 Microwave assisted Reactions p. 39
2.2.2.3 Photoreactions p. 39
2.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 39
References p. 41
Chapter 3 Water
3.1 Introduction p. 44
3.1.1 Biphasic Systems p. 46
3.2 Chemical Examples p. 49
3.2.1 Extraction p. 49
3.2.2 Chemical Synthesis p. 51
3.2.2.1 Metal-mediated and Catalysed Reactions p. 54
3.2.2.2 Microwave Assisted Reactions p. 56
3.2.2.3 Biocatalysis p. 57
3.2.2.4 Carbon Dioxide Fixation p. 58
3.2.3 Materials Synthesis p. 60
3.3 High Temperature, Superheated or Near Critical Water p. 63
3.4 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 64
References p. 65
Chapter 4 Supercritical Fluids
4.1 Introduction p. 68
4.2 Chemical Examples p. 71
4.2.1 Supercritical and Liquid Carbon Dioxide p. 71
4.2.1.1 Solubility in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide p. 71
4.2.1.2 Extraction p. 74
4.2.1.3 Chemical Synthesis p. 76
4.2.1.4 Materials Synthesis and Modification p. 82
4.2.2 Supercritical Water and Near Critical Water p. 84
4.2.2.1 Extraction and Analytical Chemistry p. 84
4.2.2.2 Chemical Synthesis p. 86
4.2.2.3 Materials Synthesis p. 89
4.2.2.4 Supercritical Water Oxidation (SCWO) p. 90
4.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 91
References p. 92
Chapter 5 Renewable Solvents
5.1 Introduction p. 97
5.2 Chemical Examples p. 100
5.2.1 Alcohols including Glycerol p. 100
5.2.2 Esters p. 103
5.2.2.1 Biodiesel p. 105
5.2.3 2-Methyltetrahydrofuran (2-MeTHF) p. 108
5.2.4 Terpenes and Plant Oils p. 109
5.2.5 Renewable Alkanes p. 113
5.2.6 Ionic Liquids and Eutectic Mixtures Prepared from Bio-Feedstocks p. 114
5.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 115
References p. 116
Chapter 6 Room Temperature Ionic Liquids and Eutectic Mixtures
6.1 Introduction p. 118
6.2 Chemical Examples p. 123
6.2.1 Extractions using RTILS p. 123
6.2.2 Electrochemistry in RTILS p. 125
6.2.3 Synthesis in RTILS p. 126
6.2.3.1 Biocatalysis in RTILs p. 131
6.2.3.2 Polymer Synthesis and Processing p. 132
6.2.4 Selected Unconventional Uses of RTILs p. 136
6.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 138
References p. 138
Chapter 7 Fluorous Solvents and Related Systems
7.1 Introduction p. 143
7.1.1 Overview of Fluorous Approach p. 143
7.1.2 Fluorous Solvent Polarity Data, Solubility and Miscibility Data p. 145
7.1.3 Fluorous Catalysts and Reagents p. 149
7.2 Chemical Examples p. 150
7.2.1 Fluorous Extractions and Fluorous Analytical Chemistry p. 150
7.2.2 Fluorous Reactions p. 152
7.2.3 Fluorous Biphase Catalysis p. 153
7.2.3.1 Continuous Fluorous Biphase Catalysis p. 160
7.2.4 Fluorous Biological Chemistry and Biocatalysis p. 162
7.2.5 Fluorous Combinatorial Chemistry p. 164
7.2.6 Fluorous Materials Chemistry p. 166
7.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 167
References p. 167
Chapter 8 Liquid Polymers
8.1 Introduction p. 170
8.1.1 Properties of Aqueous PEG Solutions p. 170
8.2 Chemical Examples p. 173
8.2.1 PEG and PPG as Non-volatile Reaction Media p. 173
8.2.1.1 PEG as a Reaction Solvent p. 174
8.2.2 Poly(dimethylsiloxane) as a Non-volatile Reaction Medium p. 182
8.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 185
References p. 186
Chapter 9 Tunable and Switchable Solvent Systems
9.1 Introduction p. 188
9.2 Chemical Examples p. 189
9.2.1 Gas Expanded Liquids p. 189
9.2.1.1 Solvent Properties of CXLs p. 190
9.2.1.2 Applications of CXLs p. 191
9.2.2 Solvents of Switchable Polarity p. 193
9.2.3 Switchable Surfactants p. 197
9.2.4 Solvents of Switchable Volatility p. 199
9.2.5 Thermomorphic and Related Biphasic Catalysis p. 201
9.3 Summary and Outlook for the Future p. 202
References p. 202
Chapter 10 Industrial Case Studies
10.1 Introduction p. 204
10.2 Selected Applications: Examples p. 205
10.2.1 Water as a Solvent and Reaction Medium p. 206
10.2.2 Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent and Reaction Medium p. 210
10.2.3 RTILs in Industry p. 214
10.3 Summary and Outlook p. 215
References p. 216
Subject Index p. 218
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