Preferential flow movement and modeling in the granite region of the Three Gorges of Yangtze river

目录
序一
序二
序三
前言
第1章 优先流及其研究现状
1．1 优先流现象认识及研究史
1．1．1 土壤中优先流研究史
1．1．2 其他多孔介质中大孔隙流研究
1．2 优先流基本内涵
1．2．1 优先流定义
1．2．2 优先流分类
1．2．3 优先流产生条件
1．3 优先流研究进展
1．3．1 国外优先流研究进展
1．3．2 国内优先流研究进展
1．4 优先流研究理论
1．4．1 能量理论
1．4．2 混沌及分形理论
1．4．3 渗透理论
1．4．4 非稳定湿润锋理论
1．5 土管研究方法
1．5．1 水的吸附与解吸附、N的吸附和Hg注入法
1．5．2 土柱浸泡法
1．5．3 田间土壤开挖法
1．5．4 染色法
1．5．5 土壤水分穿透曲线法
1．5．6 张力渗透仪法
1．5．7 CT扫描法
1．5．8 地透雷达法
1．5．9 磁共振影像
1．5．10 扫描显微法
1．6 优先流实验
1．6．1 优先流室内实验
1．6．2 优先流田间实验
1．7 优先流研究展望
1．7．1 引入新的野外观测技术
1．7．2 建立适用模型
1．7．3 分析优先流水文特性
1．7．4 拓展研究领域
第2章 优先流产生环境
2．1 植物根孔与优先流
2．1．1 植物根孔
2．1．2 根孔与优先流
2．2 土壤物理性状与优先流
2．2．1 土壤质地
2．2．2 土壤结构
2．2．3 土壤孔隙
2．3 土壤水分与优先流
2．3．1 土壤水分形态
2．3．2 土壤水分数量
2．3．3 土壤水分能态
2．3．4 土壤水分特征空间变异性
2．3．5 土壤水分与优先流
2．4 气候与优先流
2．5 人类活动与优先流
第3章 土壤水分及优先流运动波方程
3．1 土壤水分运动达西定律
3．1．1 饱和土壤水分运动达西定律
3．1．2 非饱和土壤水分运动达西定律
3．2 非饱和土壤水分运动基本方程
3．2．1 质量守衡原理与基本方程
3．2．2 基本方程形式
3．2．3 柱坐标及球坐标系中土壤水分运动的基本方程
3．2．4 非饱和土壤水分运动的Richards方程
3．3 无植物根系时非饱和土壤水分运动波方程
3．3．1 主方程
3．3．2 初始条件和边界条件
3．3．3 K-θ关系
3．4 q(θ)=K(θ)时的运动波方程
3．4．1 区域D〓内的解
3．4．2 湿润锋确定
3．4．3 湿润锋确定的其他办法
3．4．4 前进速度确定
3．4．5 区域D〓内的解
3．4．6 区域D〓的自由边界
3．5 复杂条件下非饱和土壤水分运动波方程
3．5．1 复杂湿润地表情况下运动波方程
3．5．2 有植物根系时的运动波方程
3．6 优先流运动波方程
3．6．1 主方程
3．6．2 恒定损失函数
3．6．3 损失变量函数
第4章 研究区概况及研究方法
4．1 长江三峡库区概况
4．1．1 地质地形
4．1．2 气候
4．1．3 土壤
4．1．4 植被
4．1．5 水文
4．1．6 库区花岗岩分布
4．2 试验区概况
4．2．1 地理位置
4．2．2 地形状况
4．2．3 土壤概况
4．2．4 气候特征
4．2．5 植被条件
4．2．6 观测点概况
4．3 研究内容与方法
4．3．1 优先流观测
4．3．2 流域地表径流观测
4．3．3 坡面地表径流观测
4．3．4 降雨观测
4．3．5 土壤物理特性测定
第5章 优先流路径及其分析
5．1 研究区土壤物理特性及其对优先流路径的影响
5．1．1 土壤颗粒特性
5．1．2 土壤孔隙特性
5．2 土壤水理特性及其对优先流路径影响
5．2．1 土壤水分渗透特性
5．2．2 土壤水分特征曲线
5．3 优先流路径类型及其分布
5．3．1 优先流路径分布
5．3．2 优先流路径分布检验
5．3．3 优先流路径种类
5．4 优先流路径对土壤水分再分配的影响
5．4．1 再分配过程
5．4．2 再分配过程中的滞后现象
5．4．3 优先流路径特性与土壤水分再分配的关系
5．4．4 优先流与土壤水分间相互作用
第6章 优先流运动特性
6．1 优先流特征
6．1．1 水力学特性
6．1．2 产流总体特性
6．1．3 空间分布特征
6．2 优先流在壤中流中的作用
6．2．1 优先流与渗流分析
6．2．2 优先流对壤中流锋值的影响
6．2．3 优先流对壤中流的贡献
6．3 优先流对坡面地表径流的影响
6．3．1 优先流对坡面地表径流量的影响
6．3．2 优先流对坡面地表径流过程的影响
6．4 优先流对流域地表径流的影响
6．4．1 优先流对产流机制的影响
6．4．2 优先流对流域地表径流总量的影响
6．4．3 优先流对流域地表径流历时的影响
6．4．4 优先流对流域地表径流洪锋的影响
6．4．5 优先流与流域地表径流的关系
第7章 降雨与优先流的关系
7．1 研究区降雨特性
7．1．1 年降雨统计特性
7．1．2 长历时暴雨统计特性
7．1．3 短历时暴雨统计特性
7．2 暴雨时空分布
7．2．1 资料来源及分析方法
7．2．2 暴雨时空分布
7．2．3 三峡库区暴雨基本特征
7．3 降雨过程特征
7．3．1 试验流域降雨分布
7．3．2 降雨年际变化
7．3．3 降雨过程特征
7．4 降雨对优先流的影响
7．4．1 降雨量对优先流的影响
7．4．2 降雨强度对优先流的影响
7．4．3 降雨过程对优先流的影响
7．5 降雨对优先流过程综合分析
7．5．1 降雨因子对优先流作用
7．5．2 降雨因子主成分分析
第8章 优先流模拟模型
8．1 区域型模型
8．1．1 单域模型
8．1．2 两域模型
8．1．3 多域模型
8．1．4 混合层模型
8．1．5 多尺度平均模型
8．2 阶段型模型
8．2．1 两阶段模型
8．2．2 两流区模型
8．3 分形模型与数值模型
8．3．1 分形模型
8．3．2 数值模型
8．4 黑箱模型与随机模型
8．4．1 黑箱模型
8．4．2 随机模型
8．5 水力传导模型
8．5．1 水流遵循方程
8．5．2 溶质非平衡运移
8．5．3 热传导方程
8．5．4 方程的数值解
8．6 耦合模型
8．6．1 大孔隙中的绕流
8．6．2 水汽流动
8．6．3 土壤水力性质
8．6．4 不饱和导水率
第9章 研究区优先流模型建立
9．1 模拟模型概述
9．2 边界条件模拟
9．2．1 植被生长过程
9．2．2 潜在蒸发散
9．2．3 植被截留和冠层蒸发
9．2．4 土壤温度
9．3 土壤水分运动模拟
9．3．1 水力特征值
9．3．2 水分交换
9．3．3 土壤排水
9．3．4 根系吸水
9．4 土壤水分数值解
9．4．1 基质流求解
9．4．2 优先流求解
9．5 溶质运移
9．5．1 溶质吸附与交换
9．5．2 溶质运移方程的离散化
9．5．3 溶质运移的边界条件
9．6 模型建立
9．6．1 植被作用
9．6．2 优先流运动
第10章 优先流模型模拟及评价
10．1 参数设置
10．1．1 驱动变量
10．1．2 边界条件设定
10．1．3 管理条件设定
10．1．4 土壤物理特性参数
10．2 模型模拟
10．2．1 有效路径长度
10．2．2 过程模拟
10．2．3 入渗率及水分交换
10．3 模型评价
10．3．1 模拟结果与实测结果比较
10．3．2 模型应用评价
主要参考文献
结语
Foreword one
Foreword two
Foreword three
Preface
Chapter 1 Preferential flow and its research status
1.1 Cognition of preferential flow and its research history
1.1.1 Research history of preferential flow in soil
1.1.2 Research on preferential flow in other porous medium
1.2 Basic content of preferential flow
1.2.1 Definition of preferential flow
1.2.2 Classification of preferential flow
1.2.3 Occurring condition of preferential flow
1.3 Research status of preferential flow
1.3.1 Preferential flow research abroad
1.3.2 Preferential flow research in China
1.4 Research theory of preferential flow
1.4.1 Energy theory
1.4.2 Chaos and branches theory
1.4.3 Infiltration theory
1.4.4 Unsteady wet front theory
1.5 Research methods of Macropores
1.5.1 Water adsorption，N adsorption and infusing of Hg
1.5.2 Soil column dip
1.5.3 Field soil digging
1.5.4 Dyeing
1.5.5 Soil moisture characteristics
1.5.6 Tension infiltrator
1.5.7 CT scanning
1.5.8 Radar
1.5.9 Magnetometer image
1.5.10 Microscope image
1.6 Preferential flow experiments
1.6.1 Preferential flow experiments in Lab.
1.6.2 Preferential flow experiments in field
1.7 Prospect of preferential flow research
1.7.1 Introducing new observing technology
1.7.2 Setting up preferential flow model
1.7.3 Analyzing hydraulic properties of preferential flow
1.7.4 Extending preferential flow research area
Chapter 2 Occurring environment of preferential flow
2.1 Plant root pores and preferential flow
2.1.1 Plant root pores
2.1.2 Plant root pores and preferential flow
2.2 Soil physical characteristics and preferential flow
2.2.1 Soil texture
2.2.2 Soil structure
2.2.3 Soil pores
2.3 Soil water and preferential flow
2.3.1 Forms of Soil water
2.3.2 Quantity of Soil water
2.3.3 Energy of Soil water
2.3.4 Spatial variation of Soil water's characteristics
2.3.5 Soil water and preferential flow
2.4 Climate and preferential flow
2.5 Human's activity and preferential flow
Chapter 3 Hydraulic theory of Soil water movement
3.1 Darcy law for soil water movement
3.1.1 Darcy law for the movement of saturated Soil water
3.1.2 Darcy law for the movement of unsaturated Soil water
3.2 Basic equations for the movement of unsaturated Soil water
3.2.1 Mass conversation law and its basic equation
3.2.2 Different forms of basic equation
3.2.3 Basic equations in column coordinates and spherical coordinates
3.2.4 Richards equation for the movement of unsaturated Soil water
3.3 Kinematic wave equation for unsaturated Soil water without plant root
3.3.1 Governing equations
3.3.2 Initial and boundary conditions
3.3.3 K-θ relation
3.4 Kinematic wave equation with q(θ)=k(θ)
3.4.1 Solution for domain D<,1>
3.4.2 Determination of wet front
3.4.3 Other methods for wet front
3.4.4 Wet front velocity
3.4.5 Solution for domain D〓
3.4.6 Free boundary of domain D〓
3.5 Kinematic wave equations with complicated conditions
3.5.1 Kinematic wave equation with complicated surface conditions
3.5.2 Kinematic wave model formation with plant-root
3.6 Kinematic wave equations for preferential flow
3.6.1 Governing equations
3.6.2 Constant loss function
3.6.3 Variable loss function
Chapter 4 Situation of research region and research methods
4.1 Situation of research region
4.1.1 Terrain and geogeneration
4.1.2 Climate
4.1.3 Soil
4.1.4 Vegetation
4.1.5 Water
4.1.6 Distribution of granite in the Three Gorges region
4.2 Situation of field site
4.2.1 Geographical position
4.2.2 Terrain properties
4.2.3 Soil condition
4.2.4 Climate characteristics
4.2.5 Vegetation survey
4.2.6 Situation of observation station
4.3 Research content and methods
4.3.1 Observation of preferential flow
4.3.2 Observation of surface runoff in the watershed
4.3.3 Observation of surface runoff in the slope
4.3.4 Observation of rainfall
4.3.5 Measurements of soil physical characteristics
Chapter 5 Preferential flow paths and its analysis
5.1 Soil physical characteristics and its effects on preferential flow paths
5.1.1 Soil particle characteristics
5.1.2 Soil pores' properties
5.2 Soil water characteristics and its effects on preferential flow paths
5.2.1 Properties of soil water infiltration
5.2.2 Soil moisture characteristics curve
5.3 Preferential flow paths types and distribution
5.3.1 Distribution of preferential flow paths in soil profile
5.3.2 Test of preferential flow paths distribution
5.3.3 Preferential flow paths types
5.4 Effects of preferential flow paths on soil water redistribution
5.4.1 Soil water redistribution process
5.4.2 Lag phenomena in soil water redistribution
5.4.3 Relation of preferential flow paths and soil water redistribution
5.4.4 Relation of water in preferential flow paths and soil water
Chapter 6 Movement properties of preferential flow
6.1 Preferential flow characteristics
6.1.1 Hydraulic characteristics
6.1.2 General properties of preferential flow
6.1.3 Spatial distribution of preferential flow
6.2 Function of preferential flow in infiltrated flow
6.2.1 Difference between preferential flow and infiltrated flow
6.2.2 Effects of preferential flow on infiltrated flow peak discharge
6.2.3 Contribution of preferential flow to infiltrated flow
6.3 Effects of preferential flow on surface runoff in slope
6.3.1 Effects of preferential flow on the amount of surface runoff in slope
6.3.2 Effects of preferential flow on the process of surface runoff in slope
6.4 Effects of preferential flow on surface runoff
6.4.1 Effects of preferential flow on surface runoff mechanism
6.4.2 Effects of preferential flow on the amount of regional surface runoff
6.4.3 Effects of preferential flow on the duration of regional surface runoff
6.4.4 Effects of preferential flow on the peak discharge of regional surface runoff
6.4.5 Relationship of preferential flow and regional surface runoff
Chapter 7 The relationship between rainfall and preferential flow
7.1 Rainfall properties of studied region
7.1.1 Annual rainfall properties
7.1.2 Long-duration rainstorm properties
7.1.3 Short-duration rainstorm properties
7.2 Spatial and temporal distribution of rainstorm
7.2.1 Data source and analysis methods
7.2.2 Spatial and temporal change of rainstorm
7.2.3 Basic properties of rainstorm in the Three Gorges
7.3 Rainfall process characteristics
7.3.1 Rainfall distribution of studied watershed
7.3.2 Annual change of rainfall
7.3.3 Rainfall process properties
7.4 Effects of rainfall on preferential flow
7.4.1 Effects of rainfall amount on preferential flow
7.4.2 Effects of rainfall intensity on preferential flow
7.4.3 Effects of rainfall process on preferential flow
7.5 Comprehensive analysis on effects of rainfall on preferential flow
7.5.1 Effects of different rainfall factors on preferential flow
7.5.2 Main component analysis of rainfall factors
Chapter 8 Preferential flow models
8.1 Regional models
8.1.1 Single-zone model
8.1.2 Double-zone model
8.1.3 Multi-zone model
8.1.4 Mixed layer model
8.1.5 Multi-scale model
8.2 Staged model
8.2.1 Two-stage model
8.2.2 Double flow area model
8.3 Branches model and numerical model
8.3.1 Branches model
8.3.2 Numerical model
8.4 Black box model and stochastic model
8.4.1 Black box model
8.4.2 Stochastic model
8.5 Hydraulic model
8.5.1 Equations for water flow
8.5.2 Nonequilibrium transport of solutes
8.5.3 Heat transport
8.5.4 Numerical solution
8.6 Couple model
8.6.1 Bypass flow in macropores
8.6.2 Vapour flow
8.6.3 Soil hydraulic properties
8.6.4 Unsaturated hydraulic conductivity
Chapter 9 Foundation of preferential flow model in studied region
9.1 Description of basic preferential flow model
9.2 Modeling of boundary conditions
9.2.1 Plant growth
9.2.2 Potential evapotranspiration
9.2.3 Interception and canopy evaporation
9.2.4 Soil temperature
9.3 Modeling of soil water flow
9.3.1 Hydraulic properties
9.3.2 Water exchange
9.3.3 Soil drainage
9.3.4 Water uptake by roots
9.4 Numerical solution of soil water
9.4.1 Water flow in micropores
9.4.2 Preferential flow
9.5 Solution tansport
9.5.1 Source-sink terms
9.5.2 Discretisation of the convection-dispersion equation
9.5.3 Boundary conditions
9.6 Model foundation
9.6.1 Plant growth
9.6.2 Water movement in preferential flow paths
Chapter 10 Simulation and evaluation of preferential flow model
10.1 Parameters setup
10.1.1 Driving variables
10.1.2 Boundary conditions
10.1.3 Management conditions
10.1.4 Soil physical characteristics
10.2 Simulation of preferential flow
10.2.1 Effective preferential flow path length
10.2.2 Simulated results of preferential flow amount
10.2.3 Infiltration rate and water exchange rate
10.3 Model evaluation
10.3.1 Comparison of simulated results and measured results
10.3.2 Evaluation of model's application
References
Conclusions
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