Nitrogen in the environment : sources, problems, and management / 1st ed.

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作者：edited by R.F. Follett and J.L. Hatfield.

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ISBN：9780444504869

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简介

简介

Nitrogen in the Environment: Sources, Problems, and Management is the first volume to provide a holistic perspective and comprehensive treatment of nitrogen from field, to ecosystem, to treatment of urban and rural drinking water supplies, while also including a historicaloverview, human health impacts and policy considerations. It provides a worldwide perspective on nitrogen and agriculture.

Nitrogen is one of the most critical elements required in agricultural systems for the production of crops for feed, food and fiber. The ever-increasing world population requires increasing use of nitrogen in agriculture to supply human needs for dietary protein. Worldwide demand for nitrogen will increase as a direct response to increasing population. Strategies and perspectives are considered to improve nitrogen-use efficiency. Issues of nitrogen in crop and human nutrition,and transport and transformations along the continuum fromfarm field to ground water, watersheds, streams, rivers, and coastal marine environments are discussed. Described are aerial transport of nitrogen from livestock and agricultural systems and the potential for deposition and impacts. The current status of nitrogen in the environmentin selected terrestrial and coastal environments and crop and forest ecosystems and development of emerging technologies to minimize nitrogen impacts on the environment are addressed. The nitrogen cycle provides a framework for assessing broad scale or even global strategies to improve nitrogen use efficiency. Growing human populations are the driving force that requires increased nitrogen inputs. These increasing inputs into the food-production system directly result in increased livestock and human-excretory nitrogen contribution into the environment.

The scope of this book is diverse, covering a range of topics and issues from furthering our understanding of nitrogen in the environment to policy considerations at both farm and national scales.

Table Of Contents:
Executive Summary v
About the Editors xi

List of Contributors xiii
Section 1: Background and Importance of Nitrogen

The Nitrogen Cycle, Historical Perspective, and Current and Potential Future Concerns 3(14)

Dennis R. Keeney

Jerry L. Hatfield

Nitrogen Transformation and Transport Processes 17(28)

Ronald F. Follett

Importance and Effect of Nitrogen on Crop Quality and Health 45(20)

Jurg M. Blumenthal

David D. Baltensperger

Kenneth G. Cassman

Stephen C. Mason

Alexander D. Pavlista

Utilization and Metabolism of Nitrogen by Humans 65(30)

Jennifer R. Follett

Ronald F. Follett
Section 2: Water Quality

Nitrate Losses to Surface Water through Subsurface, Tile Drainage 95(28)

G. W. Randall

M. J. Goss

Nitrogen in Groundwater Associated with Agricultural Systems 123(24)

Michael R. Burkart

Jeffrey D. Stoner

The Importance and Role of Watersheds in the Transport of Nitrogen 147(36)

T. J. Sauer

R. B. Alexander

J. V. Brahana

R. A. Smith

Nitrogen Transport and Fate in European Streams, Rivers, Lakes and Wetlands 183(24)

B. Kronvang

J.P. Jensen

C.C. Hoffmann

P. Boers

Nitrogen Effects on Coastal Marine Ecosystems 207(48)

John R. Kelly
Section 3: Atmospheric Effects

Gaseous Nitrogen Emissions from Livestock Farming Systems 255(36)

Oene Oenema

Andre Bannink

Sven G. Sommer

Gerard L. Velthof

Exchange of Gaseous Nitrogen Compounds between Terrestrial Systems and the Atmosphere 291(20)

A.R. Mosier

The Impacts of Nitrogen Deposition on Forest Ecosystems 311(24)

K. J. Nadelhoffer
Section 4: Emerging Prediction and Management Technologies

On-Farm Technologies and Practices to Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency 335(36)

N.R. Kitchen

K.W.T. Goulding

Developing Software for Livestock Manure and Nutrient Management in the USA 371(20)

Philip J. Hess

Brad C. Joern

John A. Lory

Field Techniques for Modeling Nitrogen Management 391(22)

Marvin J. Shaffer

Jorge A. Delgado

Simulated Effects of Land Use, Soil Texture, and Precipitation on N Gas Emissions using DAYCENT 413(20)

S.J. Del Grosso

W.J. Parton

A.R. Mosier

M.D. Hartman

C.A. Keough

G.A. Peterson

D.S. Ojima

D.S. Schimel

Remediation of Drinking Water for Rural Populations 433(22)

W. J. Hunter

Remediation at the Water Treatment Plant 455(8)

L.D. McMullen
Section 5: Economic and Policy Issues

Nitrogen Management by Producers: A Multiple Scale Perspective 463(16)

Pete J. Nowak

Laurence B. Cutforth

Perry E. Cabot

Bruce M. Kahn

New Policy Directions 479(28)

Andrew P. Manale
Appendix
Abbreviations 507(1)
Units of Measure 508(1)
Index 509

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