简介
Our species has been hunting for meaning ever since we departed from our cousins in the evolutionary tree. We developed sophisticated forms of communication. Yet, as much as they can convey meaning and foster understanding, they can also hide meaning and prevent comprehension. Indeed, we can never be sure that a "yes" conveys assent or that a smile reveals pleasure. In order to ascertain what communicative behavior "means", we have to go through an elaborate cognitive process of interpretation. This book deals with how we achieve the daily miracle of understanding each other. Based on the author 's contributions to pragmatics, the book articulates his perspective using the insights of linguistics, the philosophy of language and rhetoric, and confronting alternatives to it. Theory formation is shaped by application to fields of human activity - such as legal practice, artificial intelligence, psychoanalysis, the media, literature, aesthetics, ethics and politics - where interpretation and understanding are paramount. Using an accessible language, this is a book addressed to specialists as well as to anyone interested in interpreting understanding and understanding the potentialities and limits of interpretation.
目录
Foreword
Theorizing
Pragmatics and communicative intentions p. 3
Conversational relevance p. 31
Strategies of understanding p. 52
Two modes of understanding p. 82
Individual and collective intentions p. 101
How does a connective work? p. 115
Commitment and involvement p. 149
Cues, clues, and context p. 169
Models of interpretation p. 194
Applying
Understanding digressions p. 213
Understanding a metaphor p. 244
Three remarks on pragmatics and literature p. 273
Understanding controversies p. 280
Understanding misunderstanding p. 293
Understanding the law p. 322
Understanding jokes and dreams p. 362
Understanding art p. 380
Why does language matter to Artificial Intelligence? p. 402
Pragmatics in the digital age p. 437
Interpretation and tolerance p. 457
Understanding other cultures p. 477
Meeting the alternatives
Why should I ask her? p. 497
Speech act theory and pragmatics p. 507
The pragmatic structure of conversation p. 521
Contextualism p. 542
Does pragmatics need semantics? p. 562
Pragmatics and foundationalism p. 594
The marriage of pragmatics and rhetoric p. 600
Hermeneutic interpretation and pragmatic interpretation p. 623
The limits of interpretation p. 641
Sources and acknowledgments p. 660
References p. 666
Subject Index p. 695
Name Index p. 709
Theorizing
Pragmatics and communicative intentions p. 3
Conversational relevance p. 31
Strategies of understanding p. 52
Two modes of understanding p. 82
Individual and collective intentions p. 101
How does a connective work? p. 115
Commitment and involvement p. 149
Cues, clues, and context p. 169
Models of interpretation p. 194
Applying
Understanding digressions p. 213
Understanding a metaphor p. 244
Three remarks on pragmatics and literature p. 273
Understanding controversies p. 280
Understanding misunderstanding p. 293
Understanding the law p. 322
Understanding jokes and dreams p. 362
Understanding art p. 380
Why does language matter to Artificial Intelligence? p. 402
Pragmatics in the digital age p. 437
Interpretation and tolerance p. 457
Understanding other cultures p. 477
Meeting the alternatives
Why should I ask her? p. 497
Speech act theory and pragmatics p. 507
The pragmatic structure of conversation p. 521
Contextualism p. 542
Does pragmatics need semantics? p. 562
Pragmatics and foundationalism p. 594
The marriage of pragmatics and rhetoric p. 600
Hermeneutic interpretation and pragmatic interpretation p. 623
The limits of interpretation p. 641
Sources and acknowledgments p. 660
References p. 666
Subject Index p. 695
Name Index p. 709
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