About the Authors p. vii
Preface p. xvii
Theoretical Perspectives on Human Behavior and the Social Environment p. 1
A Perspective p. 2
Foundation Knowledge and the Purpose of Social Work p. 3
Foundation Knowledge and the Process of Social Work: The Importance of Assessment p. 4
Impacts of Systems in the Environment p. 5
Understanding Key Concepts in Systems Theories p. 5
The Ecological Perspective: Important Concepts p. 8
Case Example: Child Abuse p. 9
People's Involvement with Multiple Systems p. 13
Micro, Mezzo, and Macro Systems p. 14
The Social Environment p. 14
Interactions Between Micro Systems and Mezzo Systems p. 14
Interactions Between Micro Systems and Macro Systems p. 14
The Impact of Social Forces p. 17
The Relationships among Biological, Psychological, and Social Systems p. 18
Bio-Psycho-Social Systems Affect Each Other p. 19
Application of Values and Ethics to Bio-Psycho-Social System Assessments p. 20
Diversity, Oppression, and Populations-at-Risk p. 21
The Systems Impact Model p. 23
The Client System p. 23
The Relationship Between Organizational Macro Systems and Client Systems p. 24
The Relationship Between the Community Macro System and the Client System p. 24
The Relationship Between Organizational and Community Macro Systems p. 25
Institutional Values Macro System p. 25
The Effects of Institutional Values and Organizational Macro Systems on Clients p. 26
The Social Worker System p. 26
The Impacts of Organizations p. 27
What Are Organizations? p. 27
Organizational Theories p. 29
Viewing Organizations from a Systems Perspective p. 30
Resource Input p. 30
Process p. 30
Output p. 30
The Exceptional Problems of Social Service Organizations p. 30
Goal Displacement p. 32
Communities and Human Behavior p. 33
Theoretical Perspectives on Communities p. 34
Models of Community p. 37
Characteristics of Three Models of Community Change p. 38
Social Worker System Roles p. 41
Enabler p. 41
Hispanic Women, Community Development, and Social Action p. 42
Mediator p. 44
Integrator/Coordinator p. 44
Manager p. 44
Educator p. 44
Analyst/Evaluator p. 45
Broker p. 45
Facilitator p. 45
Initiator p. 46
Negotiator p. 46
Advocate p. 46
Assessment, Problem Solving, and Social Work: The Underlying Theme p. 47
Summary p. 47
Case Example: Unplanned Pregnancy p. 48
Infancy and Childhood
Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood p. 51
A Perspective p. 52
The Dynamics of Human Reproduction p. 52
Conception p. 53
Diagnosis of Pregnancy p. 54
Fetal Development during Pregnancy p. 54
Prenatal Influences p. 56
Prenatal Assessment p. 58
Access to Prenatal Care: Obstacles in the Macro Environment p. 59
Problem Pregnancies p. 60
The Birth Process p. 60
Early Functioning of the Neonate p. 65
Developmental Milestones p. 66
Growth as a Continuous, Orderly Process p. 67
Specific Characteristics of Different Age Levels p. 67
Individual Differences p. 67
The Nature-Nurture Controversy p. 67
Relevance to Social Work p. 68
Profiles of Normal Development p. 68
Significant Issues and Life Events p. 68
The Abortion Controversy: Impacts of Social and Economic Forces p. 68
Developmental Milestones for Children From Age 4 Months to 11 Years p. 69
The Impact of Macro System Policies on Practice and Access to Services p. 74
Case Example: Single and Pregnant p. 75
Incidence of Abortion p. 79
Methods of Abortion p. 80
The Importance of Context and Timing p. 81
Long-Term Effects of Abortion p. 81
Arguments For and Against Abortion p. 82
Social Worker Roles and Abortion p. 83
Abortion-Related Ethical Dilemmas in Practice p. 84
Infertility p. 86
Causes of Infertility p. 87
Psychological Reactions to Infertility p. 88
Treatment of Infertility p. 88
Alternatives Available to the Infertile Couple p. 88
A Feminist Perspective on Infertility Counseling p. 89
An Ethical Dilemma: Fertility Doctor Allegedly Uses His Own Sperm to Impregnate Unknowing Patients p. 93
The Effects of Macro Systems on Infertility p. 96
Social Work Roles and Infertility p. 96
Summary p. 96
Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood p. 98
A Perspective p. 99
Theories of Psychological Development p. 100
Psychodynamic Theory p. 100
Definitions of Common Defense Mechanisms Postulated by Psychoanalytic Theory p. 102
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Psychodynamic Theory p. 104
Neo-Freudian Psychoanalytic Developments p. 104
Behavioral Theories p. 105
Phenomenological Theories: Carl Rogers p. 105
Feminist Theories p. 107
Being Sensitive to Diversity When Examining Psychological Theories p. 108
The Relevance of Theory to Social Work: Critical Thinking and Evaluation of Theory p. 109
Cognitive Development: Piaget p. 114
The Sensorimotor Period p. 116
The Preoperational Thought Period p. 117
The Period of Concrete Operations p. 119
The Period of Formal Operations p. 119
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Piaget's Theory p. 120
Emotional Development p. 121
Infants' Emotions p. 122
Infants and Temperament p. 123
Self-Concept and Self-Esteem p. 124
The Effects of Positive and Negative Self-Concepts p. 125
A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Self-Esteem p. 127
Significant Issues and Life Events p. 127
Intelligence and Intelligence Testing p. 127
People Who Have Cognitive Disabilities: A Population-at-Risk p. 132
The Americans With Disabilities Act: A Macro System Addresses a Population-at-Risk p. 137
People with Learning Disabilities: A Population-at-Risk p. 138
People With Developmental Disabilities: Populations-at-Risk p. 139
The Effects of a Learning Disability p. 142
Summary p. 144
Social Systems and Their Impacts on Infancy and Childhood p. 146
A Perspective p. 147
Socialization p. 148
The Family Environment p. 148
Membership in Family Groups: Variations in Family Structure p. 148
Positive Family Functioning p. 149
Effects of Social Forces and Policies on Family Systems: Helpful or Hurtful? p. 150
The Dynamics of Family Systems p. 152
The Family Life Cycle p. 152
The Application of Systems Theory Principles to Families p. 153
Learning Theory p. 157
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Theory p. 158
Respondent Conditioning p. 158
Modeling p. 159
Operant Conditioning p. 160
The ABCs of Behavior p. 160
Consequences and Recurring Behavior p. 161
Reinforcement p. 161
Punishment p. 162
Extinction p. 163
Applications of Learning Theory to Practice p. 164
The Use of Positive Reinforcement p. 165
Types of Positive Reinforcers p. 165
Secondary Reinforcers p. 165
Reinforcers versus Rewards p. 167
Suggestions for Using Positive Reinforcement p. 168
The Use of Punishment p. 169
Additional Issues p. 172
Accidental Training p. 172
Behaviorally Specific Terminology p. 173
Accidental Training p. 173
Measuring Improvement p. 174
The Importance of Parental Attention p. 174
A Specific Treatment Situation: Time-Out from Reinforcement p. 175
Improving Effectiveness p. 175
"Grounding" p. 176
Impacts of Common Life Events on Children p. 176
Membership in Family Systems p. 176
Membership in Sibling Subsystems p. 177
Gender Role Socialization p. 178
Ethnic and Cultural Differences in Families p. 179
The Social Environment: Peers, Television, and School p. 182
The Social Aspects of Play with Peers p. 182
The Influence of Television p. 185
The School Environment p. 188
Child Abuse and Neglect p. 189
Incidence and Demographics of Child Abuse and Neglect p. 190
Physical Child Abuse p. 190
Child Neglect p. 194
Sexual Abuse p. 197
Suggestions for Talking to Children Victimized by Sexual Assault p. 201
Summary p. 201
Ethnocentrism and Racism p. 203
A Perspective p. 204
Ethnic Groups and Ethnocentrism p. 204
Race and Racism p. 205
Violence Against Minorities in the United States p. 206
Aspects of Social and Economic Forces: Prejudice, Discrimination, and Oppression p. 207
Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes p. 209
Racial and Ethnic Discrimination Is the Problem of Whites p. 209
White Privilege p. 210
Race Is a Social Concept p. 210
Institutional Values and Racism: Discrimination in Systems p. 211
Discrimination and Oppression in Organizational Macro Systems p. 211
Discrimination and Oppression in Community Macro Systems p. 212
Sources of Prejudice and Discrimination p. 213
Projection p. 213
Frustration-Aggression p. 213
Countering Insecurity and Inferiority p. 213
Authoritarianism p. 213
History p. 213
Competition and Exploitation p. 214
Socialization Patterns p. 214
Belief in the One True Religion p. 214
Evaluation of Discrimination Theories p. 214
Is Racial Discrimination Based on Criminal Thinking? p. 215
Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: The Effects and Costs of Discrimination and Oppression p. 217
The Effects of Discrimination on Human Growth and Development p. 218
History and Culture of African Americans p. 218
Effects of Discrimination on Development of Self-Concept p. 221
The Africentric Perspective and Worldview p. 221
Kwanzaa p. 222
Strategies to Promote Social and Economic Justice p. 223
Mass Media Appeals: Striving to Change Institutional Values p. 223
Greater Interaction Between Minority Groups and the Majority Group p. 224
Civil Rights Laws: Changing the Legal Macro System p. 224
Activism p. 224
Rosa Parks' Act of Courage Sparked the Civil Rights Movement p. 225
School Busing: A Community Initiative p. 225
Affirmative Action: A Macro System Response p. 226
Confronting Racist Remarks and Actions p. 228
Minority-Owned Businesses p. 228
Confronting Community Problems: Inner Cities p. 228
Grass-Roots Organizations: Implementing Change in Community Macro Systems p. 230
Social Work Practice with Racial and Ethnic Groups p. 231
Ethnic-Sensitive Practice p. 231
Learning the Culture of the Group p. 233
Self-Awareness of Values, Prejudices, and Stereotypes p. 234
Application to Theory to Practice: Techniques of Intervention p. 234
Social Work Roles to Counter Discrimination p. 235
The Future of American Race and Ethnic Relations p. 236
Summary p. 236
A Dream of the End of Racism p. 237
Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood p. 241
A Perspective p. 242
Adolescence p. 243
Puberty p. 243
The Growth Spurt p. 243
The Secular Trend p. 244
Primary and Secondary Sex Characteristics p. 244
Psychological Reactions to Physical Changes p. 246
Body Image and Self-Concept p. 246
Weight, Women, and Eating Disorders p. 246
Critical Thinking About Weight and Body Image p. 247
Early and Late Maturation in Boys p. 247
Early and Late Maturation in Girls p. 248
Young Adulthood p. 248
Physical Development p. 249
Health Status p. 249
Breast Cancer p. 250
Life-Style and Good Health p. 253
Significant Issues and Life Events p. 255
Sexual Activity in Adolescence p. 255
Masturbation p. 256
Unplanned Pregnancy in Adolescence p. 257
Teenage Fathers p. 258
Why Do Teens Get Pregnant? p. 258
Portrait of a Single Father p. 259
Sex Education p. 260
Focus on Diversity: Empowerment through Sex Education for Native Americans p. 262
Sex Education in the Age of AIDS p. 263
Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) p. 264
Major Methods of Contraception p. 267
Summary p. 275
Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood p. 276
A Perspective p. 277
Identity Formation p. 277
Erickson's Psychosocial Theory p. 278
Erikson's Eight Stages of Development p. 279
Implications of Identity Formation in Adolescence p. 280
How to Determine Who You Are p. 281
Marcia's Categories of Identity p. 282
Critical Thinking: The Evaluation of Theory and Application to Client Situations p. 283
Race, Culture, Ethnicity, and Identity Development p. 283
Lesbian and Gay Adolescents p. 284
Moral Development p. 285
Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development p. 285
Kohlberg's Six Stages of Moral Development p. 286
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Kohlberg's Theory p. 286
Moral Development and Women: Gilligan's Approach p. 287
Critical Thinking: Evaluation of Gilligan's Theory p. 288
Application of Theory to Client Situations p. 289
Empowerment Through Spiritual Development p. 289
Fowler's Theory of Faith Development p. 290
Spirituality and Social Work Practice p. 291
Significant Issues and Life Events: Suicide and Assertiveness p. 292
Suicide p. 292
Incidence of Suicide p. 292
Causes of Adolescent Suicide p. 293
Suicidal Symptoms p. 294
Joany--a Victim of Suicide p. 294
Suicide Notes p. 295
How to Use the SAD PERSONS Scale p. 296
The SAD PERSONS Scale p. 297
Focus On Diversity: Suicide and Adolescent Hispanic Females p. 297
Guidelines for Helping Suicidal People p. 298
Community Responses to Suicide: Prevention and Crisis Intervention p. 299
Empowerment through Assertiveness and Assertiveness Training p. 301
The Relevance of Assertiveness p. 301
Nonassertive, Assertive, and Aggressive Communication p. 302
Each of Us Has Certain Assertive Rights p. 302
The Advantages of Assertiveness p. 303
Assertiveness Training p. 304
Application of Assertiveness Approaches to Social Work Practice p. 305
Summary p. 305
Social Systems and Their Impacts on Adolescence and Young Adulthood p. 306
A Perspective p. 307
Social System Changes in Adolescence and Young Adulthood p. 308
Movement from Dependence to Independence p. 308
Interaction in Peer Group Systems p. 309
Interaction in Families: Effective Communication Between Parents and Children p. 310
An Educational Program for Ethnic Minority Adolescents That's Making a Difference p. 313
Intimacy versus Isolation p. 313
Empowerment of Homeless Youth p. 315
Interaction in Family Systems: Choosing a Personal Life-Style p. 315
Marriage p. 315
Theories about Why People Choose Each Other as Mates p. 316
Predictive Factors Leading to Marital Happiness/Unhappiness p. 317
Romantic Love versus Rational Love p. 318
Guidelines for Building and Maintaining a Happy Marriage p. 320
Cohabitation p. 320
Single Life p. 321
Parenthood p. 321
Parental Gender Preferences p. 322
Childless Couples p. 323
Social Problems p. 324
Eating Disorders p. 324
Emotional and Behavioral Problems p. 329
Major Mental Disorders According to the American Psychiatric Association p. 331
Format for Rational Self-Analysis p. 331
A Rational Self-Analysis of Emotions Associated with Ending a Marriage p. 336
Macro System Problems: Crime and Delinquency p. 339
Our Thinking Determines Our Behavior and Our Emotions p. 340
Macro System Problems: Delinquent Gangs p. 340
Self-Talk Explanation for Multiple Forgeries p. 341
Empowerment Through Social Work with Groups p. 344
Types of Groups p. 345
Models of Group Development Over Time p. 348
Task and Maintenance Roles p. 350
Leadership Theories p. 351
Summary p. 354
Gender Roles and Sexism p. 356
A Perspective p. 357
Gender Role Stereotypes p. 357
Childhood p. 358
Adolescence p. 359
Adulthood p. 360
Male/Female Differences p. 361
Ability Level p. 361
Communication Styles p. 362
People as Individuals p. 362
Significant Issues and Events in the Lives of Women p. 363
Comparable Worth and Economic Inequality p. 363
Sexual Harassment p. 366
The Definition of Sexual Harassment p. 366
Strengthening the Definition: A Macro System Response p. 367
Anita Hill Versus Clarence Thomas: A Case of Sexual Harassment? p. 368
The Extent of Sexual Harassment p. 369
Effects of Sexual Harassment p. 370
Sexist Language p. 370
Sexual Harassment Allegations Plague High Places p. 371
Rape and Sexual Assault p. 372
Confronting Sexual Harassment p. 373
Using Nonsexist Language p. 374
Incidence of Rape p. 374
Theoretical Views of Rape p. 375
Common Myths about Rape p. 376
Additional Facts about Rape p. 376
Suggestions for Rape Prevention p. 377
Profile of a Rapist p. 378
Survivors' Reactions to Rape p. 380
Suggestions for Counseling Rape Survivors p. 380
"My Place" p. 382
Battered Women p. 384
The Abusive Perpetrator p. 385
The Battering Cycle p. 385
O.J. Simpson--Revered American Hero and Spouse Batterer p. 386
Why Does She Stay? p. 387
Community Responses to Battered Women: Their Alternatives p. 388
Prince Charming Redefined p. 389
Special Counseling Needs of Women p. 392
Working with Women p. 392
Strategies for Combating Sexism and Achieving Sexual Equality p. 393
Summary p. 394
Middle Adulthood
Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood p. 397
A Perspective p. 398
The Age Span of Middle Adulthood p. 398
Physical Changes in Middle Age p. 398
Changes in Physical Functioning p. 398
Health Changes p. 398
Changes in Physical Appearance p. 399
The Double Standard of Aging p. 399
Changes in Sense Organs p. 400
Changes in Physical Strength and Reaction Time p. 400
Changes in Intellectual Functioning p. 400
An Identity Crisis: When the Applause Stops p. 401
Female Menopause p. 402
Cultural Differences in Women's Experience of Menopause p. 403
Osteoporosis p. 404
Male Climacteric p. 405
Midlife Crisis: True or False? p. 406
Sexual Functioning in Middle Age p. 407
Sex in Marriage p. 407
Extramarital Sexual Relationships p. 408
Sex Following Divorce p. 409
Sex in Widowhood p. 409
Sex among the Never-Married p. 409
Celibacy p. 410
People Living with AIDS: A Population-at-Risk p. 410
What Causes AIDS? p. 410
How Is AIDS Contracted? p. 411
Magic Johnson, an American hero, Joins the Battle Against the AIDS Virus p. 411
Diagnosis p. 413
Origin of AIDS p. 413
The Effects of HIV p. 414
Treatment and Prevention of AIDS p. 415
Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: AIDS Discrimination and Oppression p. 416
Professional Values and AIDS p. 416
When a Friend Has AIDS p. 417
Ethical Dilemmas: Confidentiality p. 418
Ethical Dilemmas: HIV Testing p. 420
Macro System Responses to AIDS p. 420
Social Work Roles: Helping Persons Living with AIDS p. 422
Persons Living with AIDS p. 424
Summary p. 425
Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood p. 426
A Perspective p. 427
Generativity versus Stagnation p. 428
Peck's Theories of Psychological Development p. 428
Levinson's Theories of Life Structure, Life Eras, and Transitions for Men p. 429
Application of Levinson's Theories to Women: An Evaluation p. 431
Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs p. 432
Game Analysis and Script Analysis p. 433
Game Analysis p. 433
Life Scripts p. 435
Mezzo System Interactions: Nonverbal Communication p. 438
The Functions of Nonverbal Communication p. 439
Posture p. 440
Body Orientation p. 440
Nonverbal Behavior among Poker Players p. 441
Touching p. 441
Clothing p. 442
Personal Space p. 442
Territoriality p. 443
Facial Expressions p. 444
Voice p. 444
Physical Appearance p. 445
The Environment p. 446
Control Theory p. 447
Intuition p. 448
Chemical Substance Use and Abuse p. 449
Specific Drugs--What They Are and What They Do p. 450
Drugs of Abuse: Facts and Effects p. 451
Date-Rape Drug p. 455
Crack Babies p. 458
Dependence on Alcohol and Other Drugs p. 463
Interaction in Family Systems: A Theoretical Approach to Drug Abuse p. 465
Application of Theory to Client Situations: Treatment for the Chemically Dependent Person and His or Her Family p. 465
An AA Meeting p. 468
Understanding and Treating Codependency p. 470
The Relationship Between Knowledge and Assessment p. 470
Working with Alcoholic Clients: The Problem of Denial p. 471
Summary p. 471
Social Systems and Their Impacts on Middle Adulthood p. 473
A Perspective p. 474
Macro Social System Theories p. 474
The Functionalist Perspective p. 475
The Conflict Perspective p. 476
The Interactionist Perspective p. 477
Poverty: Impacts of Social and Economic Forces p. 478
The Rich and the Poor p. 478
Personal Income Disparities Are Astounding p. 479
The Problem p. 480
The Ideology of Individualism p. 481
Who Are the Poor? p. 481
Poverty Perpetuates Poverty p. 482
What Causes Poverty? p. 482
The Culture of Poverty: Evaluation of Theory and Its Application to Client Situations p. 482
Poverty Is Functional p. 484
Application of Functionalism to Poverty p. 484
Application of Conflict Theory to Poverty p. 485
Application of Interactionist Theory to Poverty p. 486
Family Mezzo System Problems p. 486
Empty-Shell Marriages p. 486
Conflict Resolution Strategies p. 487
Divorce p. 490
Analyzing Love Relationships p. 492
Facts about Divorce p. 494
The Effects of a Divorce on Children Depend on What Happens after the Divorce p. 497
Single-Parent Families p. 499
Blended Families p. 499
Mothers Working Outside the Home p. 502
The "Sandwich" Generation p. 503
Assessing and Intervening in Family Systems p. 503
Verbal and Nonverbal Communication p. 503
Family Norms p. 504
Family System Assessment: The Eco-Map p. 505
Family System Assessment: The Genogram p. 507
Family Problems and Social Work Roles p. 511
Social Work with Organizations p. 513
Analyzing a Human Services Organization p. 514
The Autocratic Model p. 514
The Custodial Model p. 515
The Scientific Management Model p. 515
The Human Relations Model p. 516
Theory X and Theory Y p. 517
The Collegial Model p. 517
Theory Z p. 517
Total Quality Management p. 518
Summary Comments About Models of Organizational Behavior p. 519
Value Orientations in Organizational Decision Making p. 519
Liberal, Conservative, and Developmental Perspectives on Human Service Organizations p. 520
Conservative Perspective p. 520
Liberal Perspective p. 521
Developmental Perspective p. 522
Summary p. 523
Sexual Orientation p. 524
A Perspective p. 526
Homosexuality and Bisexuality p. 526
What Does Being a Homosexual Mean? p. 527
Stereotypes about Gay and Lesbian People p. 528
Definition of Bisexual p. 530
Numbers of Lesbian and Gay People p. 530
Why Are Some People Lesbian or Gay? p. 531
Biological Theories p. 531
Psychosocial Theories p. 533
The Evaluation of Theory: What Is the Answer? p. 533
Interactionist Theory p. 533
Ethical Issues Related to Theory p. 533
Other Research on the Origins of Homosexuality p. 534
Discrimination: The Impacts of Homophobia p. 534
Lesbian and Gay Lifestyles p. 536
Lesbian and Gay Relationships p. 536
Sexual Interaction p. 537
Gay and Lesbian Pride and a Sense of Community p. 537
Significant Issues and Life Events p. 538
The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces: Legal Issues p. 538
Community Responses: Violence Against Lesbian and Gay People p. 541
Coming Out p. 542
Cheryl's Exploration of Her Self-Identity and Sexual Orientation p. 545
Lesbian and Gay Parents p. 546
As Lesbians and Gay Men Age p. 548
Gay and Lesbian People and AIDS p. 549
Social Work with Lesbian and Gay People: Promoting Optimal Well-Being p. 549
Summary p. 550
Later Adulthood
Biological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood p. 553
A Perspective p. 555
What Is Later Adulthood? p. 556
Senescence p. 556
Internationally Noted Individuals Document Age Need Not be a Barrier to being Productive p. 557
Values and Aging: The Myth of Senility p. 560
What Causes Aging? p. 564
Factors That Influence the Aging Process p. 565
Health Practices and Longevity p. 566
Diseases and Causes of Death of the Elderly p. 566
Leading Causes of Death among the Elderly p. 567
Life Expectancy p. 567
Alzhemier's Disease p. 568
Wellness: The Impacts of Different Systems on Health p. 570
Physical Exercise p. 570
Mental Activity p. 571
Sleep Patterns p. 571
Nutrition and Diet p. 572
Stress and Stress Management p. 572
Conceptualizing Stressors, Stress, and Stress-Related Illnesses p. 574
Summary p. 578
Psychological Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood p. 579
A Perspective p. 580
Developmental Tasks of Later Adulthood p. 581
Theoretical Concepts about Developmental Tasks in Later Adulthood p. 583
Integrity versus Despair p. 583
Three Key Psychological Adjustments p. 583
Life Review p. 584
Self-Esteem p. 584
Life Satisfaction p. 585
Low Status and Ageism p. 585
Depression and Other Emotional Problems p. 585
Triple Jeopardy: Being Female, African American, and Old p. 586
Spirituality and Religion p. 587
Theories of Successful Aging p. 587
Activity Theory p. 587
Spirituality and Religion p. 588
Disengagement Theory p. 591
Social Reconstruction Syndrome Theory p. 592
The Impact of Life Events on the Elderly p. 592
Marriage p. 592
Death of Spouse p. 593
Widowhood p. 593
Never Married p. 594
Remarriage p. 594
Family System Relationships p. 594
Grandparenthood p. 595
Guidelines for Positive Psychological Preparation for Later Adulthood p. 596
Grief Management and Death Education p. 597
Death in Our Society: The Impact of Social Forces p. 597
The Grieving Process p. 598
The Kubler-Ross Model p. 598
The Westberg Model p. 598
Application of Grief Management Theory to Client Situations p. 600
How to Relate to a Dying Person p. 601
How to Relate to Survivors p. 601
Questions about Grief, Death, and Dying p. 602
How to Become Comfortable with Your Own Eventual Death p. 603
Summary p. 603
Life after Life p. 604
Social Systems and Their Impacts on Later Adulthood p. 605
A Perspective p. 607
The Elderly: A Population-at-Risk p. 607
Problems Faced by the Elderly p. 608
Emphasis on Youth: The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces p. 608
The Increasing Elderly Population p. 608
High Status for the Elderly in China, Japan, and Other Countries p. 609
The Fastest Growing Age Group Is the Old-Old p. 610
Early Retirement: The Impacts of Social and Economic Forces p. 610
Financial Problems of the Elderly p. 612
The Social Security System p. 613
Death p. 613
Critical Thinking about an Ethical Issue: Should Assisted Suicide Be Legalized? p. 614
Elder Abuse p. 615
Where the Elderly Live p. 616
Transportation p. 616
Crime Victimization p. 616
Malnutrition p. 616
Health Problems and Cost of Care p. 616
Cultural Differences in Seeking Health Care: The Case of Elderly Mexican Americans p. 617
Current Services: Macro System Responses p. 618
Older Americans Act of 1965 p. 618
Old Age, Survivors, Disability, and Health Insurance (OASDHI) p. 618
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) p. 619
Medicare p. 619
Medicaid p. 619
Food Stamps p. 620
Adult Protective Services p. 620
Additional Programs p. 620
Adult Protective Services p. 621
Nursing Homes p. 622
Community Options Program: Providing Alternatives to Nursing Home Placement p. 623
Social Work with the Elderly p. 624
The Elderly Are a Powerful Political Force p. 625
Changing a Macro System: Finding a Social Role for the Elderly p. 626
Summary p. 627
Bibliography p. 1
Name Index p. 1
Subject Index p. 1
Photo Credits p. 1