Environmental law and policy : nature, law, and society / 4th ed.
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作 者：Zygmunt J.B. Plater ... [et al.].
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ISBN：9780735577701
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简介
This user-friendly book - noted for its comprehensive legal process approach to the depth and complexity of modern environmental law - gives students a solid doctrinal footing in the law and helps build their analytical skills. Environmental Law and Policy: Nature, Law, and Society, Fourth Edition , uses the legal process approach, building on a base of common law and constitutional law and continuing on to statutory and administrative law, to illustrate both the structure of the law and how it works. Among the attributes that have made this classroom-tested casebook a favorite: coverage not only of the staples of environmental law but of hot topical areas of climate change law, regulation of toxics including consumer product exposures, natural ecological services, risk assessment, “brown-fielding” of contaminated sites, and the linkage between endangered polar bears and atmospheric loading broad topical coverage is supplemented with a reference section that includes a Statutory Capsule Appendix and an annotated Glossary of Acronyms and Abbreviations extensive author-written explanations accompanied by a large number of visuals , including charts, graphs, and photographs statutory and regulatory materials that build on the common law foundation of environmental law, showing the various ways in which statutes address environmental problems and pointing out the strengths and weaknesses of each generic statutory type The Fourth Edition, which has been reorganized to bring related content together to better correspond to the amount of time usually spent on various topics, features: a new co-author, Noah D. Hall of Wayne State an array of significant materials not generally covered in other casebooks, including: The Copenhagen Climate Change Conference (the December 2009 international climate change greenhouse gas regulatory negotiations) Exxon Shipping v. Baker (oil spill punitive damages) Native Village of Kivalina v. ExxonMobil (climate change/public nuisance tort) National Assoc. of Homebuilders v. Defenders of Wildlife (endangered species and clash of statutes/ESA, CWA) Coeur Alaska v. SE Alaska Conservation Council (“When can a pristine river be a toxic disposal lagoon?” and the Supreme Court’s recent parade of retreats from environmental protection) So. Utah Wilderness Alliance v. Norton (as a reflection of pressures on resources planning) Stop the Beach Renourishment v. Florida (sea-rise and oceanfront property) expanded coverage of clean water, greenhouse gas trading, carbon taxes, and more The outstanding author team of Environmental Law and Policy: Nature, Law, and Society, Fourth Edition , offers accessible, comprehensive coverage of the fundamentals of environmental law as well as today’s hot topics.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Introduction xxv
Part One Basic Themes in Environmental Law 1(66)
Chapter 1 Basic Themes in Environmentalism 3(34)
A The Environmental Perspective 3(22)
1 The Breadth and Scope of Environmentalism 3(4)
2 The Ecological and Ethical Bases of Environmental Law 7(1)
a The Science of Ecology (Micro and Macro) 7(1)
Leopold, A Sand county Almanac 7(1)
Carson, Silent Spring 8(3)
Page, A Generic View of Toxic Chemicals and Similar Risks 11(3)
Miller, Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections & Solutions 14(4)
b Three Economies: An Environmental Economics Perspective 18(3)
c Environmental Ethics 21(1)
Leopold, A Sand County Almanac 21(4)
B The Problem of the Commons 25(6)
Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons 25(6)
C A Salty Paradigm: Road Salt, a Problem That Has Not Yet Met Its Legal Process 31(6)
Wurster, Of Salt 31(6)
Chapter 2 Cross-Cutting Themes in Environmental Law 37(30)
A A Milestone Pollution Case in Historic Context: Allied Chemical & Its Kepone Pesticide 37(15)
1 Allied Chemical's Pesticide Pollution Disaster 38(1)
2 Kepone: A Case Study 38(14)
B Beyond Kepone: Tracking Several Decades of Environmental Law Development 52(7)
1 The Modern Statutory Array in the Years Since Kepone 53(6)
C Themes & Contexts 59(8)
Part Two The Enduring Role of the Common Law in Environmental Protection 67(116)
Chapter 3 The Common Law in Modern Environmental Law 69(70)
A Tort Causes of Action in the Environmental Arena 70(31)
1 Transforming Traditional Common Law into Modern Environmental Law 70(1)
2 Adapting Trespass, the Most Traditional of Torts, to Environmental Protection 71(1)
Borland v. Sanders Lead Company 71(4)
3 Invoking Nuisance Law to Remedy Environmental Problems 75(1)
Boomer et al. v. Atlantic Cement Company 75(7)
4 Public Nuisance and a Review of Several Defenses Raised in Environmental Cases 82(1)
a Conventional Uses of Public Nuisance Addressing Discretely Caused Harms 82(1)
New York v. Schenectady Chemical Company 83(7)
b Cutting-Edge Uses of Public Nuisance Addressing Regional and Global Issues 90(1)
Comer v. Murphy Oil Company 90(5)
5 The Limited Role of Negligence in Environmental Cases 95(2)
6 Strict Liability 97(1)
Branch v. Western Petroleum, Inc. 97(4)
B Causation, and Joint & Several Liability in Conventional Environmental Tort Suits 101(8)
1 Causation-in-Fact, Basic Doctrine 101(1)
2 Multiple Defendants and the Doctrine of Joint and Several Liability 102(1)
Velsicol Chemical Corporation v. Rowe 102(4)
3 Proximate Causation 106(1)
Pruitt v. Allied Chemical Corporation 106(3)
C Remedies in Environmental Litigation 109(30)
1 Equity, Injunctions & Anticipatory Relief 109(1)
Village of Wilsonville v. SCA Services, Inc. 109(8)
2 Damages 117(1)
a Compensatory Damage Remedies---Past Damages 117(1)
b Permanent Damages 118(4)
c Punitive Damages---Judicial Limitations and the Exxon Valdez (and the 2010 Gulf Spill?) 122(2)
Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker 124(6)
3 Natural Resources Remedies 130(9)
Chapter 4 The Special Challenges of Toxic Tort Litigation 139(44)
A Law, Science & Perception in the Toxic Tort Context 139(13)
1 Competing Conceptions: Law, Science, and Popular Perception 139(2)
Sandman, Risk Communication: Facing Public Outrage 141(2)
2 Standards for Expert Testimony 143(2)
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 145(7)
B Remedies for Victims of Toxic Contamination 152(16)
1 The Woburn Toxics Civil Action as an Introduction to Toxic Torts 153(1)
Schlichtmann, Eight Families Sue W.R. Grace and Beatrice Foods for Poisoning City Wells with Solvents, Causing Leukemia, Disease, and Death 153(7)
2 Compensable Damages Recoverable in Toxic Tort 160(1)
Anderson et al. v. W.R. Grace & Company, Beatrice Foods Company et al. 161(7)
C Proof of Complex Causation 168(15)
1 Putting Together All of the Facets of Toxic Exposure/Cause-in-Fact 170(1)
Donaldson v. Central Illinois Public Service Company 170(9)
2 Plaintiff's Burden of Proof & Proportion of Risk Attributable to Defendant 179(4)
Part Three The Structural Elements of the Regulatory State 183(134)
Chapter 5 An Overview of Environmental Regulation in the United States 185(30)
A A Taxonomic Approach to Public Law---The Different Ways That Statutes Work 187(6)
B A Selective Evolutionary History of Environmental Regulation 193(15)
1 Early Public Health Laws 193(1)
Laitos, Legal Institutions & Pollution: Some Intersections Between Law & History 193(1)
2 Administrative Agencies Protecting the Public Interest Through "Review and Permit" Processes 194(4)
The Utilex Case File 198(4)
3 Federalization of the Field and the Blossoming of Regulation 202(1)
Elliott, Ackerman & Millian, Toward a Theory of Statutory Evolution: The Federalization of Environmental Law 202(6)
c Keeping Score at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century: Players, Positions, Programs & Policies 208(7)
1 Cooperative Federalism 210(1)
2 "Command and Control" and"Flexible" Regulatory Strategies 210(1)
Ackerman & Stewart, Reforming Environmental Law 211(1)
Latin, Ideal versus Real Regulatory Efficiency: Implementation of Uniform Standards and"Fine-Tuning" Regulatory Reforms 211(4)
Chapter 6 The Administrative Law of Environmental Law: The Law of Administrative Agencies 215(52)
A The Evolution of the Administrative Governing Process 215(2)
B Administrative Process and Law in a Nutshell 217(10)
1 The Structure of Administrative Agency Power and Process 218(4)
2 The Rybachek Pollution Case: An Example of Agency Rulemaking, Authorized by Statute, Challenged in Court 222(1)
Environmental Protection Agency, Notice of Final Rulemaking 223(1)
Rybachek v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 223(1)
3 The Snail Darter Case: An Agency Is Brought to Court for Its Own Actions Allegedly Violating Federal Law 224(1)
Hill et al. v. Tennessee Valley Authority 224(1)
4 Judges' Handling of Challenges to Federal Agencies 225(2)
C Overton Park---A Judicial Review Paradigm 227(11)
1 The Overton Park Case 228(1)
Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe 228(10)
D Citizen Enforcement in the Courts 238(23)
1 The Importance of Citizen Enforcement 238(2)
Richard Stewart, The Reformation of American Administrative Law 240(1)
2 Standing and the Institutionalization of Citizen Enforcement 241(1)
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission 242(11)
3 Political Resistance to Citizen Enforcement: Removing Courts' Ability to Grant Relief to Citizens 253(1)
Department of Interior and related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1990 253(1)
4 Citizens' Attempts to Expand Agency Procedures 254(1)
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation v. Natural Resources Defense Council 255(6)
E Statutory Interpretation: How, by Whom? 261(6)
1 Judicial Review of Agency Interpretations of Law 261(1)
Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council 261(6)
Chapter 7 Sovereignty in the Environmental Law Context 267(50)
A Constitutional Federalism & Environmental Law Controversies in the U.S. 267(21)
1 Preemption of State Law 270(1)
a Express Preemption 270(4)
b Conflict & Field Occupancy Preemption 274(4)
2 Dormant Commerce Clause Invalidation of State Law 278(1)
City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey 279(6)
3 Limitations on Federal Power 285(1)
4 Concurrent Authority and Cooperative Federalism 286(2)
B Integrating International Agreements into Domestic Law 288(29)
1 Shared Natural Resources: Bilateral Treaties 289(1)
a Migratory Birds in North America 289(2)
b The Constitutional Law of Treaty Formation 291(1)
Missouri v. Holland 292(3)
2 Protecting the Global Commons: Multilateral Treaties & Executive Agreements 295(1)
a Multilateral Treaties to Prevent the Tragedy of the Commons: Saving the Whales 296(1)
Birnie, Whaling: End of an Era 297(2)
b Executive Agreements: Tensions with Statutory Mandates 299(2)
Japan Whaling Association v. American Cetacean Society 301(3)
3 International Trade Agreements: The Trade and Environment Problem 304(1)
a Multilateral Agreements on Trade: The WTO 305(1)
b Domestic Implementation of International Trade Agreements: Congressional-Executive Agreements 306(1)
c Trade and the Environment: Collision with Domestic Environmental Law? 306(2)
George E. Warren Corporation v. EPA 308(2)
d The NAFTA Environmental Side Agreement: Citizen Submissions on Enforcement 310(1)
Final Factual Record for Submission SEM-99-002 (Migratory Birds) 311(6)
Part Four A Taxonomy of Legal Approaches to Environmental Protection 317(456)
Chapter 8 Disclosure Statutes---Public and Private Information: The Power of Required Disclosure, and the Stop-and-Think Logic of the National Environmental Policy Act 319(34)
A NEPA, the National Environmental Policy Act 320(7)
Public Law 91-190 321(6)
B NEPA in Court: Litigation and Outcomes 327(17)
1 The Classic NEPA Setting: Would Courts Apply the EIS Requirement to Block Agency Projects? 328(1)
Natural Resources Defense Council v. Grant (Chicod Creek) 329(1)
Natural Resources Defense Council v. Grant 329(2)
2 NEPA Litigation over an Agency's Decision Not to Prepare an EIS 331(1)
Center for Biological Diversity v. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 332(8)
3 NEPA Litigation over the Adequacy of an Agency's EIS 340(1)
Mid-States Coadlition for Progress v. Surface Transportation Board 340(4)
C NEPA's State, International, and Transboundary Applications 344(2)
Hall, Political Externalities, Federalism, and a Proposal for an Interstate Environmental Impact Assessment Policy 344(2)
D EPCRA, The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 346(7)
Chapter 9 Public Planning as a Management Tool: Governmental Oversight of Private & Public Resource Use, and the Challenge of Adaptive Management 353(72)
A Managing Localized Land Uses 360(22)
1 Plan-Based Land Use Zoning 361(7)
2 Critical Areas Designation and Regulation: The CWA §404 Wetlands Example 368(1)
Bersani v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 369(5)
3 Hazardous Waste Facilities: State and Federal Efforts 374(1)
a Hazardous Wastes 374(4)
b Nuclear Wastes 378(1)
4 "Smart Growth" 379(1)
Pollard, Smart Growth: The Promise, Politics, and Potential Pitfalls of Emerging Growth Management Strategies 379(3)
B Planning & Management of Public Lands & Resources 382(22)
1 Historic Management of Grazing---Managing to Carrying Capacity 383(2)
2 Managing for "Multiple Use and Sustained Yield" 385(1)
Coggins, The Law of Public Rangeland Management IV: FLPMA, PRIA, and the Multiple Use Mandate 386(10)
3 Public Lands Management Planning in the Supreme Court 396(2)
Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance et al. 398(6)
C Large Scale, Public-Private Resource Management & Broadly Integrated Planning 404(16)
1 NLUPA: The Fleeting Hope and Promise of a National Land Use Planning Act 404(3)
2 Intergovernmental Coordination: The CZMA and Its Consistency Requirement 407(2)
Ruhl, Biodiversity Conservation & the Ever-Expanding Web of Federal Laws Regulating Nonfederal Lands: Time for Something Completely Different? 409(5)
3 Federal-State & Public-Private Issues on the Public Lands 414(1)
Kleppe v. New Mexico 414(6)
D Adaptive Management 420(5)
Chapter 10 Roadblock Statutory Strategies & the Endangered Species Act: Stark Prohibitions and Their Viability 425(40)
A An Introduction to Roadblock Statutes 425(2)
1 The Delaney Clause 425(1)
2 Weighing Roadblocks 426(1)
B The ESA as a Roadblock Statute 427(19)
1 The Endangered Species Act 427(1)
2 A Fish, a Dam, and ESA§7 428(1)
The Snail Darter and the Tellico Dam Case 429(1)
Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hiram Hill et al. 430(10)
3 Spotted Owls and Ancient Forests 440(1)
Seattle Audubon Society v. John L. Evans (U.S. Forest Service) and Washington Contract Loggers Association 440(3)
4 ESA §9 and the "No Take" Provision 443(1)
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Communities for a Great Oregon 443(3)
C "Roadblock Bypasses" ---Subsequent Modifications Change the ESA's Stark Standards (and What Lessons Can Be Drawn from That?) 446(19)
1 The ESA§7 God Committee Amendments 448(3)
2 ESA §9 Prohibition Gets Modified by the ESA §10 "Incidental Take" Exemption Amendment 451(4)
3 "Slippage"---Erosions over Time, or Necessary Fine-Tuning? 455(1)
a "Sunset" Provisions in Public Interest Statutes 455(1)
b Slippage: Administrative Flex Mechanisms Added to the ESA? 456(1)
c Polar Bears on (Receding) Ice 457(2)
d The Robert Court Takes Action: National Association of Homebuilders 459(1)
National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) v. Defenders of Wildlife 460(1)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency v. Defenders of Wildlife 460(5)
Chapter 11 From Harm-Based Standards to Tech-Based Standards: The Clean Air Act 465(58)
A The Clean Air Act: History and Structure 465(5)
B Harm-Based Ambient Standards Under the CAA 470(28)
1 What Are the Standards for Setting NAAQSs? 473(1)
Whitman v. American Trucking Associations 474(7)
2 Regulation of Greenhouse Gases Under the CAA 481(1)
Massachusetts v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 482(5)
3 Transboundary Airflows 487(3)
4 The Intersection of Agency Action and Environmental Justice 490(1)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Draft Revised Guidance for Investigating Title VI Administrative Complaints Challenging Permits 490(4)
5 Adjusting Requirements for Attainment (PSD) & Nonattainment Areas 494(2)
Mintz, State and Local Government Environmental Liability 496(2)
C Technology-Based Standards Under the CAA 498(18)
1 Technology-Based Standards as a Policy Choice 498(1)
New Jersey v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 498(5)
2 Translating Statutory Obligations into Permits 503(1)
In re Northern Michigan University Ripley Heating Plant 504(12)
D Technology-Forcing Under the CAA 516(7)
Reducing Auto Emissions Through CAA Title II 517(1)
International Harvester v. Ruckelshaus 517(6)
Chapter 12 Technology-Based Standard Setting: The Clean Water Act 523(48)
A An Overview of the CWA 523(7)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Water Quality Inventory: 1994 Report to Congress 525(5)
B The Origin and Evolution of TBELs 530(9)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency v. California 530(9)
C Implementing TBELs Through the NPDES Process 539(17)
Rybachek v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 539(12)
Atlantic States Legal Foundation v. Eastman Kodak Company 551(5)
D Water Quality-Based Permitting & Management of Nonpoint Source Pollution Under the CWA 556(13)
Pronsolino v. Nastri 557(12)
E A Complex Hypothetical: The Average River 569(2)
Chapter 13 Using Cost-Benefit Analysis in Agency Rulemakings & Review of Regulations 571(36)
A An Overview of Cost-Benefit Analysis 572(3)
Ackerman & Heinzerling, Pricing the Priceless: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection 572(3)
B The Scientific Basis: Risk Assessment 575(6)
C Open-Ended Cost-Benefit Balancing: ToSCA 581(8)
1 ToSCA's Regulatory Design 581(1)
Toxic Substances Control Act §6 582(2)
2 Regulation of Asbestos Under a ToSCA Cost-Benefit Analysis 584(1)
Corrosion Proof Fittings v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 584(5)
D Formal Cost-Benefit Analysis: SDWA 589(6)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Arsenic & Clarifications to Compliance & New Source Contaminants Monitoring 589(6)
E Cost-Benefit Analysis at OMB/OIRA 595(2)
F Evaluating Cost-Benefit Analysis 597(10)
1 The Case for Cost-Benefit 597(1)
American Trucking Associations v. Browner 597(3)
2 The Case Against Cost-Benefit Analysis 600(1)
Ackerman & Heinzerling, Pricing the Priceless: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection 600(7)
Chapter 14 Market-Enlisting Strategies: Achieving Environmental Protection Through Pollution Trading and Other Economic Incentives 607(40)
A A Survey of Market Enlistment Devices 607(5)
B Domestic Trading Experience in the U.S. 612(17)
1 Domestic Air Pollution Trading Regimes 612(1)
Ellerman, Joskow & Harrison, Jr., Emissions Trading in the United States: Experience, Lessons and Considerations for Greenhouse Gases 612(8)
2 Flawed Trading Systems, and Hot Spots (Adverse Local Effects) 620(1)
Drury, Belliveau, Kuhn, and Bansal, Pollution Trading & Environmental Injustice: Los Angeles' Failed Experiment in Air Quality Policy 621(8)
C Debating Carbon Tax and Cap-and-Trade as the Primary Means for Addressing Global Warming 629(6)
Mann, The Case for the Carbon Tax: How to Overcome Politics and Find Our Green Destiny 629(6)
D International Trading to Reduce GHG Emissions 635(7)
Societe Arcelor Atlantique et Lorraine v. Prime Minister, Minister of Ecology & Sustainable Development & Minister of the Ecomomy, Finance & Industry 638(4)
E Industry Self-Regulation: The International Organization for Standardization 642(5)
Chapter 15 Front-End Strategies: Market Entry Controls, Pollution Prevention, Toxic Use Reduction 647(32)
A Pesticides---FIFRA 649(11)
Miller, Federal Regulation of Pesticides 649(3)
Environmental Defense Fund v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 652(8)
B Toxics---Market Access Regulation: U.S. & Europe, ToSCA & REACH 660(19)
1 ToSCA 660(1)
Druley & Ordway, The Toxic Substances Control Act 660(2)
Chemical Manufacturers Association v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 662(11)
2 Regulation in the European Union: REACH 673(3)
The Queen, on the application of S.P.C.M. SA, C.H. Erbsloh KG, Lake Chemicals & Minerals Ltd. & Hercules Inc. v. Secretary of State for the Environment, Food & Rural Affairs 676(3)
Chapter 16 Remedial Liability Regulatory Strategies: CERCLA 679(64)
A CERCLA's Liability Rules as Developed Through the Judicial Process of Statutory Interpretation 681(39)
1 The Basics of Statutory Remedial Liability for Cleanup of Hazardous Materials 681(1)
Rich, Personal Liability for Hazardous Waste Cleanup: An Examination of CERCLA §107 682(5)
2 Apportionment in CERCLA Actions 687(1)
Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Company v. United States 688(4)
3 The Government's Relaxed Burden of Proof of Causation in CERCLA Cases 692(1)
United States v. Wade (Wade II) 692(2)
4 The Individual Liability of Managerial Officers 694(1)
United Staes v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical & Chemical Co. (NEPACCO) 694(8)
5 The Classes of Parties Who May Be Held Liable Under CERCLA 702(5)
6 Corporate Liabilities Under CERCLA 707(1)
United States v. BestFoods Corporation 707(7)
7 Private Litigation Under CERCLA §107 714(1)
United States v. Atlantic Research Corporation 715(5)
B EPA's CERCLA Administrative Order Process 720(4)
C Identifying Sites, Funding, and Setting the Standards for Cleanups 724(9)
Starfield, The 1990 National Contingency Plan---More Detail & More Structure, But Still a Balancing Act 726(7)
D EPA's Strategy for Cost Recovery and Loss Allocation 733(10)
O'Neil v. Picillo 735(8)
Chapter 17 Lifecycle Regulatory Strategies: RCRA 743(30)
A Tracking & Controlling the Lifecycle of Hazardous Waste Materials 744(17)
1 RCRA's Enactment & Initial Implementation 745(1)
Florio, Congress as Reluctant Regulator: Hazardous Waste Policy in the 1980s 745(2)
2 RCRA's Administrative Thicket: Defining Hazardous Wastes 747(4)
3 Regulating Participants in the Hazardous Waste Lifecycle 751(10)
B The "Land Ban" & the Use of "Hammers" to control Agency Action 761(7)
Hazardous Waste Treatment Council v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 762(6)
C RCRA Citizen Suits to Obtain Cleanup 768(5)
Meghrig v. KFC Western, Inc. 769(4)
Part Five Overarching Legal Perspectives 773(220)
Chapter 18 Evolving Patterns of Enforcement and Compliance 775(48)
A The Continuing Debate over Environmental Enforcement Strategies 775(3)
B The Governmental Enforcement Process 778(21)
1 Phases in the Enforcement Process 778(1)
Mintz, Enforcement at the EPA 778(2)
2 The Flow of the Enforcement Process 780(2)
3 Enforcement Tools 782(8)
4 Brownfields Federalism, and Its Policy of Greater Flexibility & Cooperation 790(1)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Brownfields Action Agenda 791(3)
Superfund Memorandum of Agreement, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V 794(2)
5 Administrative Reforms in Environmental Enforcement 796(3)
C Citizen Enforcement to Complement Governmental Efforts 799(6)
D Alternative Dispute Resolution Processes 805(7)
1 Why Alternative Dispute Resolution? 805(1)
2 Environmental ADR 806(1)
National Institute for Dispute Resolution, Paths to Justice: Major Public Policy Issues of Dispute Resolution 807(2)
3 Negotiated Rulemaking 809(1)
Susskind & McMahon, The Theory & Practice of Negotiated Rulemaking 809(3)
E The Impetus to Self-Generated Corporate Compliance 812(11)
1 The Triggers for Environmental Compliance 812(1)
Friedman & Giannotti, Environmental Self-Assessment 813(2)
Frankel, Full Disclosure: Financial Statement Disclosures Under CERCLA 815(4)
2 Due Diligence, Audits & Other Avenues Toward Voluntary Compliance 819(4)
Chapter 19 Environmental Criminal Law 823(34)
A Tactical Rediscovery of Criminal Sanctions: The 1899 Refuse Act 824(4)
B An Increasing Willingness to Prosecute Environmental Crimes 828(6)
People v. Film Recovery Systems, Inc.; Metallic Marketing Systems, Charles Kirschbaum, Daniel Rodriguez, Steven O'Neil 828(3)
Ferrey, Hard Time: Criminal Prosecution for Polluters 831(3)
C Criminal Liability: Problems of Knowledge & Intent 834(9)
United States v. Ahmad 835(2)
United States v. Weitzenhoff 837(6)
D Problems Raised in Corporate & Executive Prosecutions 843(14)
1 The Fifth Amendment & the Corporation 844(1)
2 Difficulties in Proving Collective Activity Crimes 844(1)
Goldfarb, Kepone: A Case Study 845(3)
3 Executive Liability for Acts or Omissions by Subordinates 848(1)
United States v. Park 848(9)
Chapter 20 Public Environmental Rights and Duties: The Public Trust Doctrine 857(34)
A Beyond Direct Threats to Human Health & Property: Modern Rediscovery of the Public Trust Doctrine 857(10)
Sax, Defending the Environment: A Strategy for Citizen Action 861(1)
Sax, The Public Trust Doctrine in Natural Resource Law: Effective Judicial Intervention 861(5)
Marks v. Whitney 866(1)
B Applying the Modern Public Trust Doctrine 867(24)
1 Public Trust Balancing: Diversion 867(1)
Paepke v. Building Commission 867(3)
2 Public Trust Protections Against Derogation 870(1)
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court of Alpine County (Mono Lake) 870(7)
3 How Far Does the Public Trust Doctrine Go? 877(1)
Defenders of Florissant v. Park Land Development Company 878(13)
Chapter 21 Private Property and Public Rights: Constitutional Limits on Physical and Regulatory Takings 891(42)
A Eminent Domain Condemnations 894(7)
1 The Domain of Deference 894(1)
2 Challenging an Eminent Domain Condemnation 894(7)
B Inverse Condemnation: A Constitutional Tort? 901(3)
Thornburg v. Port of Portland 901(3)
C Challenges to Regulations as "Invalid Takings" 904(29)
1 Regulatory Takings 904(1)
President's Council on Environmental Quality, Our Nation's Wetlands 905(2)
State of Maine v. Johnson 907(2)
K & K Construction, Inc. & JFK Company v. Department of Natural Resource 909(2)
Pennsylvania Coal Company v. Mahon 911(6)
2 The U.S. Supreme Court's Classic Takings Cases: An Emerging Consensus on Takings Balancing? 917(4)
3 "Stop the Beach"---2010: The Roberts Court Has Its Say 921(2)
4 A Takings Role for the Public Trust Doctrine? 923(1)
Babcock, Has the U.S. Supreme Court Finally Drained the Swamp of Taking Jurisprudence? The Impact of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council on Wetlands and Coastal Barrier Beaches 923(2)
5 Other Property Regulation Issues: Remedies, Exactions & Innocent Landowner Liability 925(1)
a Remedies: If Regulations Are Held to Be Invalid Takings 925(1)
b Amortization, and Offset Alternatives? 926(1)
c Exactions and the Nollan and Dolan Cases 926(3)
d Substantive Due Process and the Innocent Landowner: Eastern Enterprises 929(1)
Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel 930(3)
Chapter 22 International and Comparative Environmental Law 933(60)
A Customary International Law 934(5)
Trail Smelter Arbitration (U.S. v. Canada) 934(5)
B International Conferences & Soft Law 939(6)
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 941(4)
C Comparative Environmental Law 945(5)
Mehta v. Union of India 946(4)
D Multilateral Environmental Agreements & Global Climate Change 950(25)
1 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 950(6)
2 Global Heating 956(2)
3 The Global Warming Framework Convention 958(2)
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 960(3)
4 The Kyoto Protocol & Copenhagen Accord 963(4)
Copenhagen Accord, Decision - / CP.15 967(8)
E International Institutions 975(18)
1 The World Bank 976(2)
Inspection Panel's Report and Findings on the Qinghai Project: Executive Summary 978(4)
2 The World Trade Organization 982(2)
United States---Restrictions on Imports of Tuna 984(6)
Trade & Environment Problem Exercise 990(3)
Afterword 993
Reference Materials 1
Acknowledgment of Permissions to Reprint 2(3)
Glossary of Acronyms 5(8)
Table of Cases 13(16)
Table of Authorities---Books, Articles, Monographs, etc. 29(22)
Table of Authorities---Statutes, Regulations, Treaties, Constitutional Provisions, etc. 51(8)
Statutory Capsule Appendix 59(16)
Index 75
Introduction xxv
Part One Basic Themes in Environmental Law 1(66)
Chapter 1 Basic Themes in Environmentalism 3(34)
A The Environmental Perspective 3(22)
1 The Breadth and Scope of Environmentalism 3(4)
2 The Ecological and Ethical Bases of Environmental Law 7(1)
a The Science of Ecology (Micro and Macro) 7(1)
Leopold, A Sand county Almanac 7(1)
Carson, Silent Spring 8(3)
Page, A Generic View of Toxic Chemicals and Similar Risks 11(3)
Miller, Living in the Environment: Principles, Connections & Solutions 14(4)
b Three Economies: An Environmental Economics Perspective 18(3)
c Environmental Ethics 21(1)
Leopold, A Sand County Almanac 21(4)
B The Problem of the Commons 25(6)
Hardin, The Tragedy of the Commons 25(6)
C A Salty Paradigm: Road Salt, a Problem That Has Not Yet Met Its Legal Process 31(6)
Wurster, Of Salt 31(6)
Chapter 2 Cross-Cutting Themes in Environmental Law 37(30)
A A Milestone Pollution Case in Historic Context: Allied Chemical & Its Kepone Pesticide 37(15)
1 Allied Chemical's Pesticide Pollution Disaster 38(1)
2 Kepone: A Case Study 38(14)
B Beyond Kepone: Tracking Several Decades of Environmental Law Development 52(7)
1 The Modern Statutory Array in the Years Since Kepone 53(6)
C Themes & Contexts 59(8)
Part Two The Enduring Role of the Common Law in Environmental Protection 67(116)
Chapter 3 The Common Law in Modern Environmental Law 69(70)
A Tort Causes of Action in the Environmental Arena 70(31)
1 Transforming Traditional Common Law into Modern Environmental Law 70(1)
2 Adapting Trespass, the Most Traditional of Torts, to Environmental Protection 71(1)
Borland v. Sanders Lead Company 71(4)
3 Invoking Nuisance Law to Remedy Environmental Problems 75(1)
Boomer et al. v. Atlantic Cement Company 75(7)
4 Public Nuisance and a Review of Several Defenses Raised in Environmental Cases 82(1)
a Conventional Uses of Public Nuisance Addressing Discretely Caused Harms 82(1)
New York v. Schenectady Chemical Company 83(7)
b Cutting-Edge Uses of Public Nuisance Addressing Regional and Global Issues 90(1)
Comer v. Murphy Oil Company 90(5)
5 The Limited Role of Negligence in Environmental Cases 95(2)
6 Strict Liability 97(1)
Branch v. Western Petroleum, Inc. 97(4)
B Causation, and Joint & Several Liability in Conventional Environmental Tort Suits 101(8)
1 Causation-in-Fact, Basic Doctrine 101(1)
2 Multiple Defendants and the Doctrine of Joint and Several Liability 102(1)
Velsicol Chemical Corporation v. Rowe 102(4)
3 Proximate Causation 106(1)
Pruitt v. Allied Chemical Corporation 106(3)
C Remedies in Environmental Litigation 109(30)
1 Equity, Injunctions & Anticipatory Relief 109(1)
Village of Wilsonville v. SCA Services, Inc. 109(8)
2 Damages 117(1)
a Compensatory Damage Remedies---Past Damages 117(1)
b Permanent Damages 118(4)
c Punitive Damages---Judicial Limitations and the Exxon Valdez (and the 2010 Gulf Spill?) 122(2)
Exxon Shipping Co. v. Baker 124(6)
3 Natural Resources Remedies 130(9)
Chapter 4 The Special Challenges of Toxic Tort Litigation 139(44)
A Law, Science & Perception in the Toxic Tort Context 139(13)
1 Competing Conceptions: Law, Science, and Popular Perception 139(2)
Sandman, Risk Communication: Facing Public Outrage 141(2)
2 Standards for Expert Testimony 143(2)
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. 145(7)
B Remedies for Victims of Toxic Contamination 152(16)
1 The Woburn Toxics Civil Action as an Introduction to Toxic Torts 153(1)
Schlichtmann, Eight Families Sue W.R. Grace and Beatrice Foods for Poisoning City Wells with Solvents, Causing Leukemia, Disease, and Death 153(7)
2 Compensable Damages Recoverable in Toxic Tort 160(1)
Anderson et al. v. W.R. Grace & Company, Beatrice Foods Company et al. 161(7)
C Proof of Complex Causation 168(15)
1 Putting Together All of the Facets of Toxic Exposure/Cause-in-Fact 170(1)
Donaldson v. Central Illinois Public Service Company 170(9)
2 Plaintiff's Burden of Proof & Proportion of Risk Attributable to Defendant 179(4)
Part Three The Structural Elements of the Regulatory State 183(134)
Chapter 5 An Overview of Environmental Regulation in the United States 185(30)
A A Taxonomic Approach to Public Law---The Different Ways That Statutes Work 187(6)
B A Selective Evolutionary History of Environmental Regulation 193(15)
1 Early Public Health Laws 193(1)
Laitos, Legal Institutions & Pollution: Some Intersections Between Law & History 193(1)
2 Administrative Agencies Protecting the Public Interest Through "Review and Permit" Processes 194(4)
The Utilex Case File 198(4)
3 Federalization of the Field and the Blossoming of Regulation 202(1)
Elliott, Ackerman & Millian, Toward a Theory of Statutory Evolution: The Federalization of Environmental Law 202(6)
c Keeping Score at the Beginning of the Twenty-first Century: Players, Positions, Programs & Policies 208(7)
1 Cooperative Federalism 210(1)
2 "Command and Control" and"Flexible" Regulatory Strategies 210(1)
Ackerman & Stewart, Reforming Environmental Law 211(1)
Latin, Ideal versus Real Regulatory Efficiency: Implementation of Uniform Standards and"Fine-Tuning" Regulatory Reforms 211(4)
Chapter 6 The Administrative Law of Environmental Law: The Law of Administrative Agencies 215(52)
A The Evolution of the Administrative Governing Process 215(2)
B Administrative Process and Law in a Nutshell 217(10)
1 The Structure of Administrative Agency Power and Process 218(4)
2 The Rybachek Pollution Case: An Example of Agency Rulemaking, Authorized by Statute, Challenged in Court 222(1)
Environmental Protection Agency, Notice of Final Rulemaking 223(1)
Rybachek v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 223(1)
3 The Snail Darter Case: An Agency Is Brought to Court for Its Own Actions Allegedly Violating Federal Law 224(1)
Hill et al. v. Tennessee Valley Authority 224(1)
4 Judges' Handling of Challenges to Federal Agencies 225(2)
C Overton Park---A Judicial Review Paradigm 227(11)
1 The Overton Park Case 228(1)
Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe 228(10)
D Citizen Enforcement in the Courts 238(23)
1 The Importance of Citizen Enforcement 238(2)
Richard Stewart, The Reformation of American Administrative Law 240(1)
2 Standing and the Institutionalization of Citizen Enforcement 241(1)
Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission 242(11)
3 Political Resistance to Citizen Enforcement: Removing Courts' Ability to Grant Relief to Citizens 253(1)
Department of Interior and related Agencies Appropriations Act, 1990 253(1)
4 Citizens' Attempts to Expand Agency Procedures 254(1)
Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corporation v. Natural Resources Defense Council 255(6)
E Statutory Interpretation: How, by Whom? 261(6)
1 Judicial Review of Agency Interpretations of Law 261(1)
Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council 261(6)
Chapter 7 Sovereignty in the Environmental Law Context 267(50)
A Constitutional Federalism & Environmental Law Controversies in the U.S. 267(21)
1 Preemption of State Law 270(1)
a Express Preemption 270(4)
b Conflict & Field Occupancy Preemption 274(4)
2 Dormant Commerce Clause Invalidation of State Law 278(1)
City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey 279(6)
3 Limitations on Federal Power 285(1)
4 Concurrent Authority and Cooperative Federalism 286(2)
B Integrating International Agreements into Domestic Law 288(29)
1 Shared Natural Resources: Bilateral Treaties 289(1)
a Migratory Birds in North America 289(2)
b The Constitutional Law of Treaty Formation 291(1)
Missouri v. Holland 292(3)
2 Protecting the Global Commons: Multilateral Treaties & Executive Agreements 295(1)
a Multilateral Treaties to Prevent the Tragedy of the Commons: Saving the Whales 296(1)
Birnie, Whaling: End of an Era 297(2)
b Executive Agreements: Tensions with Statutory Mandates 299(2)
Japan Whaling Association v. American Cetacean Society 301(3)
3 International Trade Agreements: The Trade and Environment Problem 304(1)
a Multilateral Agreements on Trade: The WTO 305(1)
b Domestic Implementation of International Trade Agreements: Congressional-Executive Agreements 306(1)
c Trade and the Environment: Collision with Domestic Environmental Law? 306(2)
George E. Warren Corporation v. EPA 308(2)
d The NAFTA Environmental Side Agreement: Citizen Submissions on Enforcement 310(1)
Final Factual Record for Submission SEM-99-002 (Migratory Birds) 311(6)
Part Four A Taxonomy of Legal Approaches to Environmental Protection 317(456)
Chapter 8 Disclosure Statutes---Public and Private Information: The Power of Required Disclosure, and the Stop-and-Think Logic of the National Environmental Policy Act 319(34)
A NEPA, the National Environmental Policy Act 320(7)
Public Law 91-190 321(6)
B NEPA in Court: Litigation and Outcomes 327(17)
1 The Classic NEPA Setting: Would Courts Apply the EIS Requirement to Block Agency Projects? 328(1)
Natural Resources Defense Council v. Grant (Chicod Creek) 329(1)
Natural Resources Defense Council v. Grant 329(2)
2 NEPA Litigation over an Agency's Decision Not to Prepare an EIS 331(1)
Center for Biological Diversity v. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 332(8)
3 NEPA Litigation over the Adequacy of an Agency's EIS 340(1)
Mid-States Coadlition for Progress v. Surface Transportation Board 340(4)
C NEPA's State, International, and Transboundary Applications 344(2)
Hall, Political Externalities, Federalism, and a Proposal for an Interstate Environmental Impact Assessment Policy 344(2)
D EPCRA, The Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 346(7)
Chapter 9 Public Planning as a Management Tool: Governmental Oversight of Private & Public Resource Use, and the Challenge of Adaptive Management 353(72)
A Managing Localized Land Uses 360(22)
1 Plan-Based Land Use Zoning 361(7)
2 Critical Areas Designation and Regulation: The CWA §404 Wetlands Example 368(1)
Bersani v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 369(5)
3 Hazardous Waste Facilities: State and Federal Efforts 374(1)
a Hazardous Wastes 374(4)
b Nuclear Wastes 378(1)
4 "Smart Growth" 379(1)
Pollard, Smart Growth: The Promise, Politics, and Potential Pitfalls of Emerging Growth Management Strategies 379(3)
B Planning & Management of Public Lands & Resources 382(22)
1 Historic Management of Grazing---Managing to Carrying Capacity 383(2)
2 Managing for "Multiple Use and Sustained Yield" 385(1)
Coggins, The Law of Public Rangeland Management IV: FLPMA, PRIA, and the Multiple Use Mandate 386(10)
3 Public Lands Management Planning in the Supreme Court 396(2)
Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance et al. 398(6)
C Large Scale, Public-Private Resource Management & Broadly Integrated Planning 404(16)
1 NLUPA: The Fleeting Hope and Promise of a National Land Use Planning Act 404(3)
2 Intergovernmental Coordination: The CZMA and Its Consistency Requirement 407(2)
Ruhl, Biodiversity Conservation & the Ever-Expanding Web of Federal Laws Regulating Nonfederal Lands: Time for Something Completely Different? 409(5)
3 Federal-State & Public-Private Issues on the Public Lands 414(1)
Kleppe v. New Mexico 414(6)
D Adaptive Management 420(5)
Chapter 10 Roadblock Statutory Strategies & the Endangered Species Act: Stark Prohibitions and Their Viability 425(40)
A An Introduction to Roadblock Statutes 425(2)
1 The Delaney Clause 425(1)
2 Weighing Roadblocks 426(1)
B The ESA as a Roadblock Statute 427(19)
1 The Endangered Species Act 427(1)
2 A Fish, a Dam, and ESA§7 428(1)
The Snail Darter and the Tellico Dam Case 429(1)
Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hiram Hill et al. 430(10)
3 Spotted Owls and Ancient Forests 440(1)
Seattle Audubon Society v. John L. Evans (U.S. Forest Service) and Washington Contract Loggers Association 440(3)
4 ESA §9 and the "No Take" Provision 443(1)
Babbitt v. Sweet Home Communities for a Great Oregon 443(3)
C "Roadblock Bypasses" ---Subsequent Modifications Change the ESA's Stark Standards (and What Lessons Can Be Drawn from That?) 446(19)
1 The ESA§7 God Committee Amendments 448(3)
2 ESA §9 Prohibition Gets Modified by the ESA §10 "Incidental Take" Exemption Amendment 451(4)
3 "Slippage"---Erosions over Time, or Necessary Fine-Tuning? 455(1)
a "Sunset" Provisions in Public Interest Statutes 455(1)
b Slippage: Administrative Flex Mechanisms Added to the ESA? 456(1)
c Polar Bears on (Receding) Ice 457(2)
d The Robert Court Takes Action: National Association of Homebuilders 459(1)
National Association of Home Builders (NAHB) v. Defenders of Wildlife 460(1)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency v. Defenders of Wildlife 460(5)
Chapter 11 From Harm-Based Standards to Tech-Based Standards: The Clean Air Act 465(58)
A The Clean Air Act: History and Structure 465(5)
B Harm-Based Ambient Standards Under the CAA 470(28)
1 What Are the Standards for Setting NAAQSs? 473(1)
Whitman v. American Trucking Associations 474(7)
2 Regulation of Greenhouse Gases Under the CAA 481(1)
Massachusetts v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 482(5)
3 Transboundary Airflows 487(3)
4 The Intersection of Agency Action and Environmental Justice 490(1)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Draft Revised Guidance for Investigating Title VI Administrative Complaints Challenging Permits 490(4)
5 Adjusting Requirements for Attainment (PSD) & Nonattainment Areas 494(2)
Mintz, State and Local Government Environmental Liability 496(2)
C Technology-Based Standards Under the CAA 498(18)
1 Technology-Based Standards as a Policy Choice 498(1)
New Jersey v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 498(5)
2 Translating Statutory Obligations into Permits 503(1)
In re Northern Michigan University Ripley Heating Plant 504(12)
D Technology-Forcing Under the CAA 516(7)
Reducing Auto Emissions Through CAA Title II 517(1)
International Harvester v. Ruckelshaus 517(6)
Chapter 12 Technology-Based Standard Setting: The Clean Water Act 523(48)
A An Overview of the CWA 523(7)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Water Quality Inventory: 1994 Report to Congress 525(5)
B The Origin and Evolution of TBELs 530(9)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency v. California 530(9)
C Implementing TBELs Through the NPDES Process 539(17)
Rybachek v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 539(12)
Atlantic States Legal Foundation v. Eastman Kodak Company 551(5)
D Water Quality-Based Permitting & Management of Nonpoint Source Pollution Under the CWA 556(13)
Pronsolino v. Nastri 557(12)
E A Complex Hypothetical: The Average River 569(2)
Chapter 13 Using Cost-Benefit Analysis in Agency Rulemakings & Review of Regulations 571(36)
A An Overview of Cost-Benefit Analysis 572(3)
Ackerman & Heinzerling, Pricing the Priceless: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection 572(3)
B The Scientific Basis: Risk Assessment 575(6)
C Open-Ended Cost-Benefit Balancing: ToSCA 581(8)
1 ToSCA's Regulatory Design 581(1)
Toxic Substances Control Act §6 582(2)
2 Regulation of Asbestos Under a ToSCA Cost-Benefit Analysis 584(1)
Corrosion Proof Fittings v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 584(5)
D Formal Cost-Benefit Analysis: SDWA 589(6)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Arsenic & Clarifications to Compliance & New Source Contaminants Monitoring 589(6)
E Cost-Benefit Analysis at OMB/OIRA 595(2)
F Evaluating Cost-Benefit Analysis 597(10)
1 The Case for Cost-Benefit 597(1)
American Trucking Associations v. Browner 597(3)
2 The Case Against Cost-Benefit Analysis 600(1)
Ackerman & Heinzerling, Pricing the Priceless: Cost-Benefit Analysis of Environmental Protection 600(7)
Chapter 14 Market-Enlisting Strategies: Achieving Environmental Protection Through Pollution Trading and Other Economic Incentives 607(40)
A A Survey of Market Enlistment Devices 607(5)
B Domestic Trading Experience in the U.S. 612(17)
1 Domestic Air Pollution Trading Regimes 612(1)
Ellerman, Joskow & Harrison, Jr., Emissions Trading in the United States: Experience, Lessons and Considerations for Greenhouse Gases 612(8)
2 Flawed Trading Systems, and Hot Spots (Adverse Local Effects) 620(1)
Drury, Belliveau, Kuhn, and Bansal, Pollution Trading & Environmental Injustice: Los Angeles' Failed Experiment in Air Quality Policy 621(8)
C Debating Carbon Tax and Cap-and-Trade as the Primary Means for Addressing Global Warming 629(6)
Mann, The Case for the Carbon Tax: How to Overcome Politics and Find Our Green Destiny 629(6)
D International Trading to Reduce GHG Emissions 635(7)
Societe Arcelor Atlantique et Lorraine v. Prime Minister, Minister of Ecology & Sustainable Development & Minister of the Ecomomy, Finance & Industry 638(4)
E Industry Self-Regulation: The International Organization for Standardization 642(5)
Chapter 15 Front-End Strategies: Market Entry Controls, Pollution Prevention, Toxic Use Reduction 647(32)
A Pesticides---FIFRA 649(11)
Miller, Federal Regulation of Pesticides 649(3)
Environmental Defense Fund v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 652(8)
B Toxics---Market Access Regulation: U.S. & Europe, ToSCA & REACH 660(19)
1 ToSCA 660(1)
Druley & Ordway, The Toxic Substances Control Act 660(2)
Chemical Manufacturers Association v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 662(11)
2 Regulation in the European Union: REACH 673(3)
The Queen, on the application of S.P.C.M. SA, C.H. Erbsloh KG, Lake Chemicals & Minerals Ltd. & Hercules Inc. v. Secretary of State for the Environment, Food & Rural Affairs 676(3)
Chapter 16 Remedial Liability Regulatory Strategies: CERCLA 679(64)
A CERCLA's Liability Rules as Developed Through the Judicial Process of Statutory Interpretation 681(39)
1 The Basics of Statutory Remedial Liability for Cleanup of Hazardous Materials 681(1)
Rich, Personal Liability for Hazardous Waste Cleanup: An Examination of CERCLA §107 682(5)
2 Apportionment in CERCLA Actions 687(1)
Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railway Company v. United States 688(4)
3 The Government's Relaxed Burden of Proof of Causation in CERCLA Cases 692(1)
United States v. Wade (Wade II) 692(2)
4 The Individual Liability of Managerial Officers 694(1)
United Staes v. Northeastern Pharmaceutical & Chemical Co. (NEPACCO) 694(8)
5 The Classes of Parties Who May Be Held Liable Under CERCLA 702(5)
6 Corporate Liabilities Under CERCLA 707(1)
United States v. BestFoods Corporation 707(7)
7 Private Litigation Under CERCLA §107 714(1)
United States v. Atlantic Research Corporation 715(5)
B EPA's CERCLA Administrative Order Process 720(4)
C Identifying Sites, Funding, and Setting the Standards for Cleanups 724(9)
Starfield, The 1990 National Contingency Plan---More Detail & More Structure, But Still a Balancing Act 726(7)
D EPA's Strategy for Cost Recovery and Loss Allocation 733(10)
O'Neil v. Picillo 735(8)
Chapter 17 Lifecycle Regulatory Strategies: RCRA 743(30)
A Tracking & Controlling the Lifecycle of Hazardous Waste Materials 744(17)
1 RCRA's Enactment & Initial Implementation 745(1)
Florio, Congress as Reluctant Regulator: Hazardous Waste Policy in the 1980s 745(2)
2 RCRA's Administrative Thicket: Defining Hazardous Wastes 747(4)
3 Regulating Participants in the Hazardous Waste Lifecycle 751(10)
B The "Land Ban" & the Use of "Hammers" to control Agency Action 761(7)
Hazardous Waste Treatment Council v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 762(6)
C RCRA Citizen Suits to Obtain Cleanup 768(5)
Meghrig v. KFC Western, Inc. 769(4)
Part Five Overarching Legal Perspectives 773(220)
Chapter 18 Evolving Patterns of Enforcement and Compliance 775(48)
A The Continuing Debate over Environmental Enforcement Strategies 775(3)
B The Governmental Enforcement Process 778(21)
1 Phases in the Enforcement Process 778(1)
Mintz, Enforcement at the EPA 778(2)
2 The Flow of the Enforcement Process 780(2)
3 Enforcement Tools 782(8)
4 Brownfields Federalism, and Its Policy of Greater Flexibility & Cooperation 790(1)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Brownfields Action Agenda 791(3)
Superfund Memorandum of Agreement, Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region V 794(2)
5 Administrative Reforms in Environmental Enforcement 796(3)
C Citizen Enforcement to Complement Governmental Efforts 799(6)
D Alternative Dispute Resolution Processes 805(7)
1 Why Alternative Dispute Resolution? 805(1)
2 Environmental ADR 806(1)
National Institute for Dispute Resolution, Paths to Justice: Major Public Policy Issues of Dispute Resolution 807(2)
3 Negotiated Rulemaking 809(1)
Susskind & McMahon, The Theory & Practice of Negotiated Rulemaking 809(3)
E The Impetus to Self-Generated Corporate Compliance 812(11)
1 The Triggers for Environmental Compliance 812(1)
Friedman & Giannotti, Environmental Self-Assessment 813(2)
Frankel, Full Disclosure: Financial Statement Disclosures Under CERCLA 815(4)
2 Due Diligence, Audits & Other Avenues Toward Voluntary Compliance 819(4)
Chapter 19 Environmental Criminal Law 823(34)
A Tactical Rediscovery of Criminal Sanctions: The 1899 Refuse Act 824(4)
B An Increasing Willingness to Prosecute Environmental Crimes 828(6)
People v. Film Recovery Systems, Inc.; Metallic Marketing Systems, Charles Kirschbaum, Daniel Rodriguez, Steven O'Neil 828(3)
Ferrey, Hard Time: Criminal Prosecution for Polluters 831(3)
C Criminal Liability: Problems of Knowledge & Intent 834(9)
United States v. Ahmad 835(2)
United States v. Weitzenhoff 837(6)
D Problems Raised in Corporate & Executive Prosecutions 843(14)
1 The Fifth Amendment & the Corporation 844(1)
2 Difficulties in Proving Collective Activity Crimes 844(1)
Goldfarb, Kepone: A Case Study 845(3)
3 Executive Liability for Acts or Omissions by Subordinates 848(1)
United States v. Park 848(9)
Chapter 20 Public Environmental Rights and Duties: The Public Trust Doctrine 857(34)
A Beyond Direct Threats to Human Health & Property: Modern Rediscovery of the Public Trust Doctrine 857(10)
Sax, Defending the Environment: A Strategy for Citizen Action 861(1)
Sax, The Public Trust Doctrine in Natural Resource Law: Effective Judicial Intervention 861(5)
Marks v. Whitney 866(1)
B Applying the Modern Public Trust Doctrine 867(24)
1 Public Trust Balancing: Diversion 867(1)
Paepke v. Building Commission 867(3)
2 Public Trust Protections Against Derogation 870(1)
National Audubon Society v. Superior Court of Alpine County (Mono Lake) 870(7)
3 How Far Does the Public Trust Doctrine Go? 877(1)
Defenders of Florissant v. Park Land Development Company 878(13)
Chapter 21 Private Property and Public Rights: Constitutional Limits on Physical and Regulatory Takings 891(42)
A Eminent Domain Condemnations 894(7)
1 The Domain of Deference 894(1)
2 Challenging an Eminent Domain Condemnation 894(7)
B Inverse Condemnation: A Constitutional Tort? 901(3)
Thornburg v. Port of Portland 901(3)
C Challenges to Regulations as "Invalid Takings" 904(29)
1 Regulatory Takings 904(1)
President's Council on Environmental Quality, Our Nation's Wetlands 905(2)
State of Maine v. Johnson 907(2)
K & K Construction, Inc. & JFK Company v. Department of Natural Resource 909(2)
Pennsylvania Coal Company v. Mahon 911(6)
2 The U.S. Supreme Court's Classic Takings Cases: An Emerging Consensus on Takings Balancing? 917(4)
3 "Stop the Beach"---2010: The Roberts Court Has Its Say 921(2)
4 A Takings Role for the Public Trust Doctrine? 923(1)
Babcock, Has the U.S. Supreme Court Finally Drained the Swamp of Taking Jurisprudence? The Impact of Lucas v. South Carolina Coastal Council on Wetlands and Coastal Barrier Beaches 923(2)
5 Other Property Regulation Issues: Remedies, Exactions & Innocent Landowner Liability 925(1)
a Remedies: If Regulations Are Held to Be Invalid Takings 925(1)
b Amortization, and Offset Alternatives? 926(1)
c Exactions and the Nollan and Dolan Cases 926(3)
d Substantive Due Process and the Innocent Landowner: Eastern Enterprises 929(1)
Eastern Enterprises v. Apfel 930(3)
Chapter 22 International and Comparative Environmental Law 933(60)
A Customary International Law 934(5)
Trail Smelter Arbitration (U.S. v. Canada) 934(5)
B International Conferences & Soft Law 939(6)
Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 941(4)
C Comparative Environmental Law 945(5)
Mehta v. Union of India 946(4)
D Multilateral Environmental Agreements & Global Climate Change 950(25)
1 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion 950(6)
2 Global Heating 956(2)
3 The Global Warming Framework Convention 958(2)
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 960(3)
4 The Kyoto Protocol & Copenhagen Accord 963(4)
Copenhagen Accord, Decision - / CP.15 967(8)
E International Institutions 975(18)
1 The World Bank 976(2)
Inspection Panel's Report and Findings on the Qinghai Project: Executive Summary 978(4)
2 The World Trade Organization 982(2)
United States---Restrictions on Imports of Tuna 984(6)
Trade & Environment Problem Exercise 990(3)
Afterword 993
Reference Materials 1
Acknowledgment of Permissions to Reprint 2(3)
Glossary of Acronyms 5(8)
Table of Cases 13(16)
Table of Authorities---Books, Articles, Monographs, etc. 29(22)
Table of Authorities---Statutes, Regulations, Treaties, Constitutional Provisions, etc. 51(8)
Statutory Capsule Appendix 59(16)
Index 75
Environmental law and policy : nature, law, and society / 4th ed.
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