简介
New edition of a text that presents a concise introduction to statistics that can be covered in a one-term course. It presents not only descriptive and inferential concepts, but also their real-world applications in such fields as the physical and social sciences, business, economics, and engineering. Eleven chapters cover descriptive statistics, probability, and inferential statistics. They include case studies, increased focus on interpreting computer output, exercises, and many worked-out illustrations. Includes a CD-ROM, Minitab, for use with those exercises intended to be solved with the aid of a computer. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
目录
Table Of Contents:
PREFACE XI
PART ONE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 1(156)
CHAPTER 1 STATISTICS 3(24)
Chapter Outline 3(1)
Chapter Objectives 4(1)
1.1 WHAT IS STATISTICS? 4(5)
Case Study 1-1: Measuring Physical Discomfort 5(1)
Case Study 1-2: Explaining Our Sexual Behavior 6(3)
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC TERMS 9(6)
Case Study 1-3: Eating Together: Still Important 13(2)
1.3 MEASURABILITY AND VARIABILITY 15(1)
1.4 DATA COLLECTION 16(4)
Case Study 1-4: What Every Woman Should Know About Stockbrokers 17(3)
1.5 COMPARISON OF PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS 20(1)
1.6 STATISTICS AND THE COMPUTER 21(2)
In Retrospect 23(1)
Chapter Exercises 23(2)
Vocabulary List 25(1)
Chapter Practice Test 25(2)
CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF SINGLE-VARIABLE DATA 27(81)
Chapter Outline 27(1)
Chapter Objectives 28(1)
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF DATA 29(1)
2.1 GRAPHS, PARETO DIAGRAMS, AND STEM-AND-LEAF DISPLAYS 29(13)
2.2 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS AND HISTOGRAMS 42(12)
Case Study 2-1: Home Sweet Home 45(9)
NUMERICAL DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 54(1)
2.3 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 54(8)
Case Study 2-2: "Average" Means Different Things 59(3)
2.4 MEASURES OF DISPERSON 62(9)
2.5 MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 71(7)
2.6 MEASURES OF POSITION 78(9)
2.7 INTERPRETING AND UNDERSTANDING STANDARD DEVIATION 87(5)
2.8 THE ART OF STATISTICAL DECEPTION 92(5)
Case Study 2-3: Good Information, Wrong Graph 93(1)
Case Study 2-4: Tricky Graph Number 1 94(1)
Case Study 2-5: Tricky Graph Number 2 95(1)
Case Study 2-6: Tricky Graph Number 3 96(1)
In Retrospect 97(1)
Chapter Exercises 97(8)
Vocabulary List 105(1)
Chapter Practice Test 105(3)
CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF BIVARIATE DATA 108(49)
Chapter Outline 108(1)
Chapter Objectives 109(1)
3.1 BIVARIATE DATA 110(14)
3.2 LINEAR CORRELATION 124(9)
Case Study 3-1: Points and Fouls in Basketball 129(4)
3.3 LINEAR REGRESSION 133(13)
Case Study 3-2: Thirty Years of Car Buying 142(2)
In Retrospect 146(1)
Chapter Exercises 146(5)
Vocabulary List 151(1)
Chapter Practice Test 151(3)
WORKING WITH YOUR OWN DATA 154(3)
PART TWO PROBABILITY 157(148)
CHAPTER 4 PROBABILITY 159(50)
Chapter Outline 159(1)
Chapter Objectives 160(1)
CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY 160(1)
4.1 THE NATURE OF PROBABILITY 160(3)
4.2 PROBABILITY OF EVENTS 163(4)
4.3 SIMPLE SAMPLE SPACES 167(6)
4.4 RULES OF PROBABILITY 173(6)
Case Study 4-1: Trying to Beat the Odds 176(3)
CALCULATING PROBABILITIES OF COMPOUND EVENTS 179(1)
4.5 MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS AND THE ADDITION RULE 179(7)
4.6 INDEPENDENCE, THE MULTIPLICATION RULE, AND CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY 186(9)
Case Study 4-2: New York PICK 10 193(2)
4.7 COMBINING THE RULES OF PROBABILITY 195(7)
In Retrospect 202(1)
Chapter Exercises 202(5)
Vocabulary List 207(1)
Chapter Practice Test 207(2)
CHAPTER 5 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS (DISCRETE VARIABLES) 209(35)
Chapter Outline 209(1)
Chapter Objectives 210(1)
5.1 RANDOM VARIABLES 210(3)
5.2 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE 213(6)
Case Study 5-1: Who Needs the Ambulance? 217(2)
5.3 MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 219(5)
5.4 THE BINOMIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 224(12)
5.5 MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 236(3)
In Retrospect 239(1)
Chapter Exercises 240(2)
Vocabulary List 242(1)
Chapter Practice Test 242(2)
CHAPTER 6 NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 244(34)
Chapter Outline 244(1)
Chapter Objectives 245(1)
6.1 NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 245(2)
6.2 THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 247(7)
6.3 APPLICATIONS OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS 254(10)
Case Study 6-1: A Predictive Failure Cost Tool 257(7)
6.4 NOTATION 264(5)
6.5 NORMAL APPROXIMATION OF THE BINOMIAL 269(5)
In Retrospect 274(1)
Chapter Exercises 274(2)
Vocabulary List 276(1)
Chapter Practice Test 277(1)
CHAPTER 7 SAMPLE VARIABILITY 278(27)
Chapter Outline 278(1)
Chapter Objectives 279(1)
7.1 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS 279(6)
Case Study 7-1: Average Aircraft Age 283(2)
7.2 THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM 285(7)
7.3 APPLICATION OF THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM 292(5)
In Retrospect 297(1)
Chapter Exercises 298(2)
Vocabulary List 300(1)
Chapter Practice Test 301(1)
WORKING WITH YOUR OWN DATA 302(3)
PART THREE INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 305(200)
CHAPTER 8 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL INFERENCES 307(65)
Chapter Outline 307(1)
Chapter Objectives 308(1)
8.1 THE NATURE OF ESTIMATION 308(5)
Case Study 8-1: Gallup Report: Sampling Tolerances 312(1)
8.2 ESTIMATION OF MEAN Mu (Sigma KNOWN) 313(12)
Case Study 8-2: Rockies Snow Brings Little Water 318(7)
8.3 THE NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING 325(8)
Case Study 8-3: Evaluation of Teaching Techniques 328(5)
8.4 HYPOTHESIS TEST OF MEAN Mu (Sigma KNOWN): A PROBABILITY-VALUE APPROACH 333(16)
8.5 HYPOTHESIS TEST OF MEAN Mu (Sigma KNOWN): A CLASSICAL APPROACH 349(15)
In Retrospect 364(1)
Chapter Exercises 365(5)
Vocabulary List 370(1)
Chapter Practice Test 370(2)
CHAPTER 9 INFERENCES INVOLVING ONE POPULATION 372(43)
Chapter Outline 372(1)
Chapter Objectives 373(1)
9.1 INFERENCES ABOUT MEAN Mu (Sigma UNKNOWN) 373(21)
Case Study 9-1: Mother's Use of Personal Pronouns 388(6)
9.2 INFERENCES ABOUT THE BINOMIAL PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS 394(15)
Case Study 9-2: The Methods Behind the Polling Madness 404(5)
In Retrospect 409(1)
Chapter Exercises 409(4)
Vocabulary List 413(1)
Chapter Practice Test 413(2)
CHAPTER 10 INFERENCES INVOLVING TWO POPULATIONS 415(51)
Chapter Outline 415(1)
Chapter Objectives 416(1)
10.1 INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT SAMPLES 417(2)
Case Study 10-1: Exploring the Traits of Twins 418(1)
10.2 INFERENCES CONCERNING THE MEAN DIFFERENCE USING TWO DEPENDENT SAMPLES 419(12)
10.3 INFERENCES CONCERNING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS USING TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLES 431(17)
Case Study 10-2: An Empirical Study of Faculty Evaluation Systems 441(7)
10.4 INFERENCES CONCERNING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPORTIONS USING TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLES 448(10)
Case Study 10-4: Smokers Need More Time in Recovery Room 455(3)
In Retrospect 458(1)
Chapter Exercises 459(5)
Vocabulary List 464(1)
Chapter Practice Test 464(2)
CHAPTER 11 APPLICATIONS OF CHI-SQUARE 466(39)
Chapter Outline 466(1)
Chapter Objectives 467(1)
11.1 CHI-SQUARE STATISTIC 467(4)
11.2 INFERENCES CONCERNING MULTINOMIAL EXPERIMENTS 471(12)
Case Study 11-1: Why We Rearrange Furniture 479(1)
Case Study 11-2: Methods Used to Fall Asleep 479(4)
11.3 INFERENCES CONCERNING CONTINGENCY TABLES 483(13)
Case Study 11-3: Why We Don't Exercise 491(5)
In Retrospect 496(1)
Chapter Exercises 496(5)
Vocabulary List 501(1)
Chapter Practice Test 501(2)
WORKING WITH YOUR OWN DATA 503(2)
APPENDIXES APPENDIX A BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING 505(10)
APPENDIX B TABLES 515
1. Random Numbers 515(3)
2. Binomial Probabilities 518(3)
3. Areas of the Standard Normal Distribution 521(1)
4. Critical Values of Standard Normal Distribution 522(1)
5. p-Values for Standard Normal Distribution 523(1)
6. Critical Values of Student's t-Distribution 524(1)
7. p-Values for Student's t-Distribution 525(1)
8. Critical Values of X(2) (Chi-Square) Distribution 526
ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES A1
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PRACTICE TESTS A38
INDEX OF MINITAB COMMANDS 11
INDEX 13
FORMULA CARD
PREFACE XI
PART ONE DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 1(156)
CHAPTER 1 STATISTICS 3(24)
Chapter Outline 3(1)
Chapter Objectives 4(1)
1.1 WHAT IS STATISTICS? 4(5)
Case Study 1-1: Measuring Physical Discomfort 5(1)
Case Study 1-2: Explaining Our Sexual Behavior 6(3)
1.2 INTRODUCTION TO BASIC TERMS 9(6)
Case Study 1-3: Eating Together: Still Important 13(2)
1.3 MEASURABILITY AND VARIABILITY 15(1)
1.4 DATA COLLECTION 16(4)
Case Study 1-4: What Every Woman Should Know About Stockbrokers 17(3)
1.5 COMPARISON OF PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS 20(1)
1.6 STATISTICS AND THE COMPUTER 21(2)
In Retrospect 23(1)
Chapter Exercises 23(2)
Vocabulary List 25(1)
Chapter Practice Test 25(2)
CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF SINGLE-VARIABLE DATA 27(81)
Chapter Outline 27(1)
Chapter Objectives 28(1)
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF DATA 29(1)
2.1 GRAPHS, PARETO DIAGRAMS, AND STEM-AND-LEAF DISPLAYS 29(13)
2.2 FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTIONS AND HISTOGRAMS 42(12)
Case Study 2-1: Home Sweet Home 45(9)
NUMERICAL DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS 54(1)
2.3 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDENCY 54(8)
Case Study 2-2: "Average" Means Different Things 59(3)
2.4 MEASURES OF DISPERSON 62(9)
2.5 MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION 71(7)
2.6 MEASURES OF POSITION 78(9)
2.7 INTERPRETING AND UNDERSTANDING STANDARD DEVIATION 87(5)
2.8 THE ART OF STATISTICAL DECEPTION 92(5)
Case Study 2-3: Good Information, Wrong Graph 93(1)
Case Study 2-4: Tricky Graph Number 1 94(1)
Case Study 2-5: Tricky Graph Number 2 95(1)
Case Study 2-6: Tricky Graph Number 3 96(1)
In Retrospect 97(1)
Chapter Exercises 97(8)
Vocabulary List 105(1)
Chapter Practice Test 105(3)
CHAPTER 3 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION OF BIVARIATE DATA 108(49)
Chapter Outline 108(1)
Chapter Objectives 109(1)
3.1 BIVARIATE DATA 110(14)
3.2 LINEAR CORRELATION 124(9)
Case Study 3-1: Points and Fouls in Basketball 129(4)
3.3 LINEAR REGRESSION 133(13)
Case Study 3-2: Thirty Years of Car Buying 142(2)
In Retrospect 146(1)
Chapter Exercises 146(5)
Vocabulary List 151(1)
Chapter Practice Test 151(3)
WORKING WITH YOUR OWN DATA 154(3)
PART TWO PROBABILITY 157(148)
CHAPTER 4 PROBABILITY 159(50)
Chapter Outline 159(1)
Chapter Objectives 160(1)
CONCEPT OF PROBABILITY 160(1)
4.1 THE NATURE OF PROBABILITY 160(3)
4.2 PROBABILITY OF EVENTS 163(4)
4.3 SIMPLE SAMPLE SPACES 167(6)
4.4 RULES OF PROBABILITY 173(6)
Case Study 4-1: Trying to Beat the Odds 176(3)
CALCULATING PROBABILITIES OF COMPOUND EVENTS 179(1)
4.5 MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS AND THE ADDITION RULE 179(7)
4.6 INDEPENDENCE, THE MULTIPLICATION RULE, AND CONDITIONAL PROBABILITY 186(9)
Case Study 4-2: New York PICK 10 193(2)
4.7 COMBINING THE RULES OF PROBABILITY 195(7)
In Retrospect 202(1)
Chapter Exercises 202(5)
Vocabulary List 207(1)
Chapter Practice Test 207(2)
CHAPTER 5 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS (DISCRETE VARIABLES) 209(35)
Chapter Outline 209(1)
Chapter Objectives 210(1)
5.1 RANDOM VARIABLES 210(3)
5.2 PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS OF A DISCRETE RANDOM VARIABLE 213(6)
Case Study 5-1: Who Needs the Ambulance? 217(2)
5.3 MEAN AND VARIANCE OF A DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 219(5)
5.4 THE BINOMIAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION 224(12)
5.5 MEAN AND STANDARD DEVIATION OF THE BINOMIAL DISTRIBUTION 236(3)
In Retrospect 239(1)
Chapter Exercises 240(2)
Vocabulary List 242(1)
Chapter Practice Test 242(2)
CHAPTER 6 NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 244(34)
Chapter Outline 244(1)
Chapter Objectives 245(1)
6.1 NORMAL PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS 245(2)
6.2 THE STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION 247(7)
6.3 APPLICATIONS OF NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS 254(10)
Case Study 6-1: A Predictive Failure Cost Tool 257(7)
6.4 NOTATION 264(5)
6.5 NORMAL APPROXIMATION OF THE BINOMIAL 269(5)
In Retrospect 274(1)
Chapter Exercises 274(2)
Vocabulary List 276(1)
Chapter Practice Test 277(1)
CHAPTER 7 SAMPLE VARIABILITY 278(27)
Chapter Outline 278(1)
Chapter Objectives 279(1)
7.1 SAMPLING DISTRIBUTIONS 279(6)
Case Study 7-1: Average Aircraft Age 283(2)
7.2 THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM 285(7)
7.3 APPLICATION OF THE CENTRAL LIMIT THEOREM 292(5)
In Retrospect 297(1)
Chapter Exercises 298(2)
Vocabulary List 300(1)
Chapter Practice Test 301(1)
WORKING WITH YOUR OWN DATA 302(3)
PART THREE INFERENTIAL STATISTICS 305(200)
CHAPTER 8 INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL INFERENCES 307(65)
Chapter Outline 307(1)
Chapter Objectives 308(1)
8.1 THE NATURE OF ESTIMATION 308(5)
Case Study 8-1: Gallup Report: Sampling Tolerances 312(1)
8.2 ESTIMATION OF MEAN Mu (Sigma KNOWN) 313(12)
Case Study 8-2: Rockies Snow Brings Little Water 318(7)
8.3 THE NATURE OF HYPOTHESIS TESTING 325(8)
Case Study 8-3: Evaluation of Teaching Techniques 328(5)
8.4 HYPOTHESIS TEST OF MEAN Mu (Sigma KNOWN): A PROBABILITY-VALUE APPROACH 333(16)
8.5 HYPOTHESIS TEST OF MEAN Mu (Sigma KNOWN): A CLASSICAL APPROACH 349(15)
In Retrospect 364(1)
Chapter Exercises 365(5)
Vocabulary List 370(1)
Chapter Practice Test 370(2)
CHAPTER 9 INFERENCES INVOLVING ONE POPULATION 372(43)
Chapter Outline 372(1)
Chapter Objectives 373(1)
9.1 INFERENCES ABOUT MEAN Mu (Sigma UNKNOWN) 373(21)
Case Study 9-1: Mother's Use of Personal Pronouns 388(6)
9.2 INFERENCES ABOUT THE BINOMIAL PROBABILITY OF SUCCESS 394(15)
Case Study 9-2: The Methods Behind the Polling Madness 404(5)
In Retrospect 409(1)
Chapter Exercises 409(4)
Vocabulary List 413(1)
Chapter Practice Test 413(2)
CHAPTER 10 INFERENCES INVOLVING TWO POPULATIONS 415(51)
Chapter Outline 415(1)
Chapter Objectives 416(1)
10.1 INDEPENDENT AND DEPENDENT SAMPLES 417(2)
Case Study 10-1: Exploring the Traits of Twins 418(1)
10.2 INFERENCES CONCERNING THE MEAN DIFFERENCE USING TWO DEPENDENT SAMPLES 419(12)
10.3 INFERENCES CONCERNING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MEANS USING TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLES 431(17)
Case Study 10-2: An Empirical Study of Faculty Evaluation Systems 441(7)
10.4 INFERENCES CONCERNING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROPORTIONS USING TWO INDEPENDENT SAMPLES 448(10)
Case Study 10-4: Smokers Need More Time in Recovery Room 455(3)
In Retrospect 458(1)
Chapter Exercises 459(5)
Vocabulary List 464(1)
Chapter Practice Test 464(2)
CHAPTER 11 APPLICATIONS OF CHI-SQUARE 466(39)
Chapter Outline 466(1)
Chapter Objectives 467(1)
11.1 CHI-SQUARE STATISTIC 467(4)
11.2 INFERENCES CONCERNING MULTINOMIAL EXPERIMENTS 471(12)
Case Study 11-1: Why We Rearrange Furniture 479(1)
Case Study 11-2: Methods Used to Fall Asleep 479(4)
11.3 INFERENCES CONCERNING CONTINGENCY TABLES 483(13)
Case Study 11-3: Why We Don't Exercise 491(5)
In Retrospect 496(1)
Chapter Exercises 496(5)
Vocabulary List 501(1)
Chapter Practice Test 501(2)
WORKING WITH YOUR OWN DATA 503(2)
APPENDIXES APPENDIX A BASIC PRINCIPLES OF COUNTING 505(10)
APPENDIX B TABLES 515
1. Random Numbers 515(3)
2. Binomial Probabilities 518(3)
3. Areas of the Standard Normal Distribution 521(1)
4. Critical Values of Standard Normal Distribution 522(1)
5. p-Values for Standard Normal Distribution 523(1)
6. Critical Values of Student's t-Distribution 524(1)
7. p-Values for Student's t-Distribution 525(1)
8. Critical Values of X(2) (Chi-Square) Distribution 526
ANSWERS TO SELECTED EXERCISES A1
ANSWERS TO CHAPTER PRACTICE TESTS A38
INDEX OF MINITAB COMMANDS 11
INDEX 13
FORMULA CARD
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