Listening to music / 3rd ed.

Guide to the Recordings
Preface p. xiii
Prelude: Music Belongs to Everyone p. 1
The Musical Process
From the Creator To the Listener p. 3
Creation, Recreation, Response p. 4
How to Listen to Music p. 5
The Sensory Level p. 5
The Emotional Level p. 6
The Contextual Level p. 6
The Script Level p. 6
The Musically Active Level p. 7
Becoming a Musically Aware Concertgoer p. 8
Attending Concerts
Listening Activity: Martin Bookspan, Host p. 8
What are the Different Types of Concerts? p. 9
Symphony Orchestra p. 9
Chamber Music Ensemble p. 9
Chamber Orchestra p. 9
Recital p. 9
Vocal Ensemble p. 9
Secular Vocal Ensemble p. 9
Religious Choir p. 10
Opera p. 10
Broadway Musical Theater p. 11
How Can I Find Out about Concerts and Ticket Sales? p. 11
How Can I Prepare for a Concert? p. 12
What Do I Need to Know Before the Concert Begins? p. 13
What Concert Traditions Do I Need to Know About? p. 13
When Should I Applaud? p. 14
What is the Conductor's Role? p. 14
What Are the Terms Commonly Used in Performance? p. 16
What Is in the Printed Concert Program? p. 18
What Are the Catalog Systems for Composers' Works? p. 19
The Materials of Music
How the Basic Musical Elements Interact p. 21
Multimedia Presentation p. 21
Listening Guide: Elements of Music: Martin Bookspan, Host p. 22
Rhythm (Duration of Sound) p. 22
Pitch (Melody and Harmony) p. 26
Textures p. 29
Summary of Basic Musical Elements p. 31
Performing Media: Instruments, Voices, and Ensembles p. 32
Acoustics of Vocal and Instrumental Sound p. 32
Performing Media and Performances: Solo Instruments and Ensembles p. 33
The Orchestra and its Instruments p. 35
How Do I Become Familiar With the Instruments? p. 41
Listening Activity: Britten, The Young Person's Guide to the Orchestra p. 42
How the Orchestra Developed p. 45
Historical Perspective: What is the Secret of the Cremona Instruments? p. 46
Listening Activity: Vivaldi, The Four Seasons, "Spring," Op. 8, First Movement p. 47
Listening Activity: Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 2, Third Movement p. 49
Listening Activity: Haydn, Symphony No. 94 (Surprise), Third Movement p. 50
Listening Activity: Beethoven, Symphony No. 5, First Movement p. 52
Listening Activity: Berlioz, Symphonie Fantastique, Fifth Movement p. 53
Listening Activity: Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring, "Sacrificial Dance" p. 54
The Wind Ensemble p. 55
Keyboard Instruments p. 55
Listening Activity: Bach, Fugue in G Minor (Little) p. 56
Listening Activity: Mozart, Variations "Ah, Vous Dirai-Je, Maman" K. 265 p. 56
Listening Activity: Chopin, Fantasie Impromptu, Opus 66 p. 57
Electronic Instruments p. 58
Human Voice p. 58
Listening Activity: Mozart, "Madamina" Aria from Don Giovanni p. 59
Listening Activity: Puccini, La Boheme (The Bohemian Life), Act 1 (excerpt) p. 60
The Common Style Periods of Concert Music
An Introduction To Musical Styles p. 61
Why Study Musical Styles? p. 61
Historical Perspective: Styles in the Arts p. 62
Music Before 1600 p. 64
The Middle Ages (450-1450) p. 64
Music of the Middle Ages p. 67
Listening Activity: Gregorian Chant. Alleluia Pascha nostrum p. 67
The Beginnings of Polyphony p. 68
Listening Activity: Organum: Leonin, Alleluia Dies Sancrificatus p. 69
The Renaissance (1450-1600) p. 71
Music in the Renaissance p. 72
Listening Insights: How to Listen to Polyphonic Music p. 73
Palestrina's Biography and Principal Works p. 74
Listening Activity: Palestrina, De Beata Virgine, "Kyrie" from the Mass p. 75
Important Composers of the Renaissance p. 75
The Baroque Style Period (1600-1750) p. 79
Protestant Reformation p. 79
Counter-Reformation p. 80
Historical Perspective: Book and Music Printing p. 81
Overview of the Baroque Style Period (1600-1750) p. 82
Baroque Style Music (1600-1750) p. 84
Changes Occur in the New Baroque Music p. 84
Baroque-Style Vocal Music p. 85
Historical Perspective: The Sensory Appeal of the Catholic Church Service p. 86
Monteverdi's Biography and Principal Works p. 87
Historical Perspective: Use of Italian Terms in Music p. 89
Schutz's Biography and Principal Works p. 90
Handel's Biography and Principal Works p. 91
Baroque Cantata p. 93
Listening Activity and Guide: Handel, Messiah, "For Unto Us A Child is Born" p. 94
Historical Perspective: Handel's Messiah p. 97
Listening Insights: How to Listen to Baroque Music p. 98
Bach's Biography and Principal Works p. 99
Listening Activity and Guide: Bach, Cantata No. 140, "Opening Chorus" p. 101
Baroque Instrumental Music p. 104
Historical Perspective: Evolution of Public Concerts: The Baroque Period p. 104
Vivaldi's Biography and Principal Works p. 105
Listening Activity and Guide: Vivaldi, The Four Seasons, "Spring" First Movement p. 106
Baroque Keyboard Music p. 107
Listening Activity and Guide: Bach, Brandenburg Concerto No. 2, Third Movement p. 108
Listening Activity and Guide: Bach, Fugue in g minor (Little) p. 111
The Classical Style Period (1750-1820) p. 114
Political and Social Background p. 114
Classical Origins p. 116
Overview of the Classical Period (1750-1820) p. 117
Music of the Classical Period p. 118
Mozart p. 118
Haydn p. 118
Young Beethoven p. 119
Mozart's Biography and Principal Works p. 119
Historical Perspective: Mozart Myths Revealed p. 121
Haydn's Biography and Principal Works p. 122
Historical Perspective: Haydn's Labor Protest--The "Farewell" Symphony p. 123
Historical Perspective: Evolution of Public Concerts: The Classical Period p. 124
Listening Insights: How to Listen to Classical Music p. 126
Listening Activity and Guide: Mozart, Variations "Ah, Vous Dirai-je, Maman, K. 265 p. 127
Listening Activity and Guide: Mozart, Horn Concerto No. 2, Third Movement p. 129
Listening Activity and Guide: Beethoven, Piano Sonata No. 8 in c minor, Opus 13 "Pathetique," Third Movement p. 130
Listening Activity and Guide: Haydn, Symphony No. 94, "Surprise" Third Movement p. 133
Historical Perspective: What Was Haydn's Surprise? p. 135
Listening Activity and Guide: Mozart, Symphony #40, First Movement p. 136
Classical-Period Opera p. 139
Listening Activity and Guide: Mozart, "Madamina" Aria from Don Giovanni p. 140
Beethoven: Bridge To Romanticism p. 144
Beethoven's Biography and Principal Works p. 145
Historical Perspective: Beethoven's Deafness p. 146
Historical Perspective: The Heiligenstadt Testament p. 146
Listening Activity: Beethoven, Piano Sonata #8 (Pathetique), Third Movement p. 148
Historical Perspective: Beethoven Meets Mozart p. 150
Listening Activity and Guide: Beethoven, Symphony No. 5, First Movement p. 150
Historical Perspective: Beethoven and the Changing Status of Composers p. 153
The Great Ninth Symphony p. 155
The Romantic Style Period (1820-1900) p. 156
Romantic Subjects p. 157
Romanticism in Music p. 157
Overview of the Romantic Period p. 158
Early-Romantic Music p. 160
Orchestral Music p. 160
Berlioz's Biography and Principal Works p. 161
Historical Perspective: Berlioz's Innovative Orchestration p. 163
Listening Activity and Guide: Berlioz, Symphonie Fantastique, Fifth Movement p. 165
Listening Insights: What to listen for in Romantic Music p. 168
The Romantic Art Song p. 168
Schubert's Biography and Principal Works p. 169
Listening Activity and Guide: Schubert, Erlking p. 170
Robert Schumann's Biography and Principal Works p. 174
Romantic Piano Music p. 175
Clara Schumann's Biography and Principal Works p. 176
Listening Activity and Guide: Schumann (Clara), Scherzo, Opus 10 p. 177
Chopin's Biography and Principal Works p. 180
Listening Activity and Guide: Chopin, Fantaisie Impromptu Op. 66 p. 181
Liszt's Biography and Principal Works p. 182
Felix Mendelssohn's Biography and Principal Works p. 184
Fanny Mendelssohn's Biography and Principal Works p. 185
Listening Activity and Guide: Mendelssohn, Concerto for Violin and Orchestra, First Movement p. 186
Romantic Opera p. 190
Historical Perspective: Opera in the North America p. 191
Italian Romantic Opera p. 192
Donizetti's Biography and Principal Works p. 193
Bellini's Biography and Principal Works p. 193
Rossini's Biography and Principal Works p. 194
Verdi's Biography and Principal Works p. 195
Listening Activity and Guide: Verdi, La Traviata, Act 1, "E strano! E strano!" "Sempre libera" "Follie, Follie" p. 196
Puccini's Biography and Principal Works p. 200
Listening Activity and Guide: Puccini, La Boheme, Act 1, duet p. 200
French Romantic Opera p. 209
Offenbach's Biography and Principal Works p. 209
Bizet's Biography and Principal Works p. 212
German Romantic Opera p. 213
Weber's Biography and Principal Works p. 214
Wagner's Biography and Principal Works p. 215
Listening Activity and Guide: Wagner, Overture to Die Meistersinger von Nurnberg p. 216
Listening Insights: Understanding Wagnerian Opera p. 220
Late-Romantic Music p. 221
The State of Music in the Late-Romantic Period p. 221
Historical Perspective: Evolution of Public Concerts p. 222
Brahms's Biography and Principal Works p. 224
Listening Activity and Guide: Brahms, Academic Festival Overture p. 225
Listening Insights: Enjoying Chamber Music p. 228
Mahler's Biography and Principal Works p. 229
Listening Activity and Guide: Mahler, Songs of a Wayfarer, "Ging Heut Morgen Uber Feld" p. 230
Listening Activity and Guide: Mahler, Symphony #1, First Movement p. 234
Strauss's Biography and Principal Works p. 236
Listening Insights: Enjoying Programmatic and Highly Descriptive Music p. 238
Nationalism p. 240
Political Influences p. 240
Nationalism in Music p. 241
Mussorgsky's Biography and Principal Works p. 242
Tchaikovsky's Biography and Principal Works p. 243
Listening Insights: How to Listen to Nationalistic Music p. 244
Historical Perspective: The 1812 Overture: Spectacular Performances p. 245
Listening Activity and Guide: Tchaikovsky, The 1812 Overture p. 245
Rimsky-Korsakov's Biography and Principal Works p. 249
Rachmaninov's Biography and Principal Works p. 250
Bartok's Biography and Principal Works p. 251
Impressionism p. 254
Impressionistic Poetry and Painting p. 254
Impressionism in Music p. 255
Debussy's Biography and Principal Works p. 256
Listening Insights: How to Listen to Impressionistic Music p. 259
Listening Guide: Debussy, Prelude to the Afternoon of a Faun p. 260
Ravel's Biography and Principal Works p. 262
The Twentieth-Century Style Period p. 264
Influence of the World Wars p. 264
Art Redefined p. 265
Overview of the Twentieth-Century Period p. 266
Stravinsky: Into the Twentieth Century p. 271
Stravinsky's Pivotal Position p. 271
Stravinsky's Biography and Principal Works p. 272
Historical Perspective: The Rite of Spring--Its Infamous Debut in 1913 p. 273
Listening Activity and Guide: Stravinsky, The Rite of Spring "Sacrificial Dance" p. 277
Expressionism: Atonal Music p. 282
Schoenberg's Biography and Principal Works p. 283
Atonality p. 284
Listening Insights: How to Listen to Twelve-tone Music p. 285
Listening Activity: Schoenberg, Suite for Piano, Op. 25 "Praeludium" p. 286
Webern's Biography and Principal Works p. 287
Berg's Biography and Principal Works p. 288
Neoclassicism: Mainstream Music p. 289
Beginnings of Neoclassicism p. 289
Historical Perspective: Neoclassical Approaches p. 290
Prokofiev's Biography and Principal Works p. 290
Listening Activity and Guide: Prokofiev Symphony No. 1 "Classical," First Movement p. 291
Shostakovich's Biography and Principal Works p. 294
Moving Back to the Mainstream p. 294
Spotlight: Outstanding Artist-Teacher: Nadia Boulanger p. 296
Experimental and Technological Music p. 304
Musique Concrete p. 305
Electronic Music p. 305
Computer and Mixed Media p. 306
Listening Insights: How to Listen to Chance and Aleatoric Music p. 309
What Lies Ahead? p. 310
Music in North America p. 311
Immigration p. 311
American Composers p. 313
Amy Beach's Biography and Principal Works p. 313
Ives' Biography and Principal Works p. 315
Listening Activity and Guide: Ives, song: "Charlie Rutlege" p. 316
Listening Insights: How to Listen to Ives p. 319
Listening Activity and Guide: Ives, First Orchestral Set: Three Places in New England, "Putnam's Camp" p. 319
Jazz: The American Art Form p. 322
Historical Perspective: Rags and Ragtime p. 326
Joplin's Biography and Principal Works p. 327
Listening Activity and Guide: Joplin, "The Entertainer" p. 328
Gershwin's Biography and Principal Works p. 333
Listening Activity and Guide: Gershwin, Porgy and Bess "Bess, You Is My Woman Now" p. 335
Listening Insights: How to Listen to Eclectic Music p. 338
Copland's Biography and Principal Works p. 339
Listening Activity and Guide: Copland, Rodeo Ballet, "Hoe Down" p. 340
Bernstein's Biography and Principal Works p. 342
Listening Activity and Guide: Bernstein, Overture to Candide p. 343
Other American Composers p. 345
Menotti's Biography and Principal Works p. 346
Zwilich's Biography and Principal Works p. 347
Listening Activity and Guide: Zwilich, Concerto Grosso, 1985, First Movement p. 347
Adjunct Music
North American Popular Music p. 351
Early American Popular Music p. 352
Tin Pan Alley p. 352
The Commercialization of Popular Music p. 353
The Swing Era p. 353
Country Music p. 355
Rhythm and Blues p. 356
Rock 'n' Roll/Rock p. 356
Broadway Musical Theater p. 361
The Broadway Musical: Its Roots p. 361
North American Roots of the Musical p. 362
Stephen Foster's Biography and Principal Works p. 364
From Minstrelsy to Vaudeville p. 366
Sigmund Romberg's Biography and Principal Works p. 372
Victor Herbert's Biography and Principal Works p. 372
Rudolf Friml's Biography and Principal Works p. 373
Irving Berlin's Biography and Principal Works p. 373
Jerome Kern's Biography and Principal Works p. 374
Historical Perspective: Kern's Show Boat: The New Broadway Musical p. 376
Listening Activity and Guide: Kern, Show Boat, "Ol' Man River" p. 376
Listening Insights: Listening to Broadway Musical Theater Songs p. 379
Cole Porter's Biography and Principal Works p. 380
Richard Rodgers's Biography and Principal Works p. 381
Stephen Sondheim's Biography and Principal Works p. 382
Listening Activity: Sondheim, A Little Night Music, "Send in the Clowns" p. 383
Listening Activity: Bernstein, Overture to Candide p. 384
Listening Activity: Bock, Fiddler on the Roof, "Sunrise, Sunset" p. 385
Historical Perspective: Rent: A Rock Opera for the 90s p. 386
Other Important Broadway Musicals p. 387
Music in the Movies p. 390
How it Began: The Silent Era p. 390
Cataloguing of Existing Concert Music p. 391
Masters Transcribed for Film p. 391
The Role of Music in Sound Films p. 392
Historical Perspective: From Broadway to Hollywood p. 392
Film Music Comes of Age p. 393
The Hollywood Sound p. 393
The Contribution of Music to Film p. 394
Listening Insights: Listening for Associations in Film Music p. 394
Movie Music of the Golden Age p. 394
Some of the Great Film Composers of the Golden Age p. 395
The Next Generation of Composers p. 398
Music and the Magic of Animation p. 401
Matching Music and Pictures p. 403
The Stature of Movie Music Today p. 404
Listening Insights: How to Listen to Film Music p. 404
Contributions of World Cultures p. 408
Non-Western Influences in Western Art Music p. 409
Music South of the Sahara p. 410
Listening Activity: "If it Comes to Fighting with Guns" Ewe People of West Africa p. 412
Music of India p. 414
Listening Activity: India: Ghazal, "Bat Karane Mujhe Mushkil" p. 416
Music of Japan p. 416
Listening Activity: Japan (Gagaku): Netori (prelude) and "Etenraku in Hyojo" p. 417
Listening Activity: Japan: Kabuki Nagauta Music from the play Pojoji p. 420
Finale: Audience Power in the 21st Century p. 421
Our New Millennium p. 421
Beyond Survival p. 423
Listening Activity: Finale: Host, Martin Bookspan p. 425
Music Notation p. 427
Common Scales in Music p. 429
Writing Reports p. 434
Music Listening Guide p. 438
Challenge Your Expertise Answers p. 440
Glossary of Music Terms p. 445
Photo Credits p. 451
Index p. 455