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Publisher Summary 1
A milestone in modern thought, Space, Time and Architecturehas been reissued many times since its first publication in 1941 and translated into half a dozen languages. In this revised edition of Mr. Giedion's classic work, major sections have been added and there are 81 new illustrations.The chapters on leading contemporary architects have been greatly expanded. There is new material on the later development of Frank Lloyd Wright and the more recent buildings of Walter Gropius, particularly his American Embassy in Athens. In his discussion of Le Corbusier, Mr. Giedion provides detailed analyses of the Carpenter Center at Harvard University, Le Corbusier's only building in the United States, and his Priory of La Tourette near Lyons. There is a section on his relations with his clients and an assessment of his influence on contemporary architecture, including a description of the Le Corbusier Center in Zurich (designed just before his death], which houses his works of art. The chapters on Mies van der Rohe and Alvar Aalto have been brought up to date with examples of their buildings in the sixties. There is an entirely new chapter on the Danish architect Jorn Utzon, whose work, as exemplified in his design for the Sydney Opera House, Mr. Giedion considers representative of post-World War II architectural concepts.A new essay, "Changing Notions of the City," traces the evolution of the structure of the city throughout history and examines current attempts to deal with urban growth, as shown in the work of such architects as Jos茅 Luis Sert, Kenzo Tange, and Fumihiko Maki. Mr. Sert's Peabody Terrace is discussed as an example of the interlocking of the collective and individual spheres. Finally, the conclusion has been enlarged to include a survey of the limits of the organic in architecture.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Introduction Architecture of the 1960's: Hopes and Fears xxxi
Part I
History A Part Of Life 1(28)
Introduction 2(3)
The Historian's Relation to his Age 5(2)
The Demand for Continuity 7(1)
Contemporary History 8(3)
The Identity of Methods 11(6)
Transitory and Constituent Facts 17(2)
Architecture as an Organism 19(4)
Procedure 23(6)
Part II
Our Architectural Inheritance 29(134)
The New Space Conception: Perspective 30(11)
Perspective and Urbanism 41(14)
Prerequisites for the Growth of Cities 41(1)
The Star-Shaped City 42(13)
Perspective and the Contituent Elements of the City 55(17)
The Wall, the Square, and the Street 56(3)
Bramante and the Open Stairway 59(5)
Michelangelo and the Modeling of Outer Space 64(6)
What Is the Real Significance of the Area Capitolina? 70(2)
Leonardo Da Vinci and the Dawn of Regional Planning 72(3)
Sixtus V (1585-1590) and the Planning of Baroque Rome 75(32)
The Medieval and the Renaissance City 77(5)
Sixtus V and His Pontificate 82(9)
The Master Plan 91(9)
The Social Aspect 100(7)
The Late Baroque 107(3)
The Undulating Wall and the Flexible Ground Plan 110(23)
Francesco Borromini, 1599-1667 110(11)
Guarino Guarini, 1624-1683 121(6)
South Germany: Vierzehnheiligen 127(6)
The Organization of Outer Space 133(30)
The Residential Group and Nature 133(8)
Single Squares 141(2)
Series of Interrelated Squares 143(20)
Part III
The Evolution Of New Potentialities 163(128)
Industrialization as a Fundamental Event 165(2)
Iron 167(14)
Early Iron Construction in England 169(2)
The Sunderland Bridge 171(4)
Early Iron Construction on the Continent 175(6)
From the Iron Column to the Steel Frame 181(9)
The Cast-Iron Column 184(6)
Toward the steel Frame 190(21)
James Bogardus 195(5)
The St. Louis River Front 200(4)
Early Skeleton Buildings 204(4)
Elevators 208(3)
The Schism Between Architecture and Technology 211(7)
Discussions 212(1)
Ecole Polytechnique: the Connection between Science and Life 213(1)
The Demand for a New Architecture 214(1)
The Interrelations of Architecture and Engineering 215(3)
Henri Labrouste, Architect-Constructor, 1801-1875 218(11)
New Building Problems---New Solutions 229(14)
Market Halls 229(5)
Department Stores 234(9)
The Great Exhibitions 243(34)
The Great Exhibition, London, 1851 249(6)
The Universal Exhibition, Paris, 1855 255(5)
Paris Exhibition of 1867 260(4)
Paris Exhibition of 1878 264(4)
Paris Exhibition of 1889 268(7)
Chicago, 1893 275(2)
Gustave Eiffel and His Tower 277(14)
Part IV
The Demand For Morality In Architecture 291(44)
The Nineties: Precursors of Contemporary Architecture 292(30)
Brussels the Center of Contemporary Art, 1880-1890 295(4)
Victor Horta's Contribution 299(9)
Berlage's Stock Exchange and the Demand for Morality 308(8)
Otto Wagner and the Viennese School 316(6)
Ferroconcrete and Its Influence Upon Architecture 322(13)
A. G. Perret 328(4)
Tony Garnier 332(3)
Part V
American Development 335(94)
Europe Observes American Production 336(8)
The Structure of American Industry 344(3)
The Balloon Frame and Industrialization 347(8)
The Balloon Frame and the Building-up of the West 350(1)
The Invention of the Balloon Frame 351(1)
George Washington Snow, 1797-1870 352(2)
The Balloon Frame and the Windsor Chair 354(1)
Plane Surfaces in American Architecture 355(13)
The Flexible and Informal Ground Plan 363(5)
The Chicago School 368(13)
The Apartment House 377(4)
Toward Pure Forms 381(15)
The Leiter Building, 1889 382(3)
The Reliance Building, 1894 385(3)
Sullivan: The Carson, Pirie, Scott Store, 1889-1906 388(1)
The Influence of the Chicago World's Fair, 1893 388(8)
Frank Lloyd Wright 396(33)
Wright and the American Development 396(4)
The Cruciform and the Elongated Plan 400(5)
Plane Surfaces and Structure 405(9)
The Urge toward the Organic 414(5)
Office Buildings 419(5)
Influence of Frank Lloyd Wright 424(3)
Frank Lloyd Wright's Late Period 427(2)
Part VI
Space-Time In Art, Architecture, And Construction 429(278)
The New Space Conception: Space-Time 430(4)
Do We Need Artists? 430(4)
The Research Into Space: Cubism 434(9)
The Artistic Means 437(6)
The Research into Movement: Futurism 443(5)
Painting Today 448(2)
Construction and Aesthetics: Slab and Plane 450(27)
The Bridges of Robert Maillart 450(25)
Afterword 475(2)
Walter Gropius and the German Development 477(22)
Germany in the Nineteenth Century 477(5)
Walter Gropius 482(3)
Germany after the First World War and the Bauhaus 485(6)
The Bauhaus Buildings at Dessau, 1926 491(6)
Architectural Aims 497(2)
Walter Gropius in America 499(19)
The Significance of the Post-1930 Emigration 499(1)
Walter Gropius and the American Scene 500(2)
Architectural Activity 502(8)
Gropius as Educator 510(2)
Later Development 512(2)
American Embassy in Athens, 1956-1961 514(4)
Le Corbusier and the Means of Architectonic Expression 518(69)
The Villa Savoie, 1928-1930 525(5)
The League of Nations Competition, 1927: Contemporary Architecture Comes to the Front 530(8)
Large Constructions and Architectural Aims 538(4)
Social Imagination 542(2)
The Unite d'Habitation, 1947-1952 544(5)
Chandigarh 549(4)
Later Work 553(3)
The Carpenter Center for Visual Arts, Harvard University, 1963 556(7)
Le Corbusier and His Clients 563(6)
The Priory of Ste. Marie de la Tourette, 1960 569(9)
The Legacy of Le Corbusier 578(9)
Mies Van Der Rohe and the Integrity of Form 587(31)
The Elements of Mies van der Rohe's Architecture 588(2)
Country Houses, 1923 590(4)
The Weissenhof Housing Settlement, Stuttgart, 1927 594(7)
The Illinois Institute of Technology, 1939--- 601(2)
High-rise Apartments 603(4)
Office Buildings 607(8)
On the Integrity of Form 615(3)
Alvar Aalto: Irrationality and Standardization 618(50)
Union between Life and Architecture 618(1)
The Complementarity of the Differentiated and the Primitive 619(2)
Finnish Architecture before 1930 621(4)
Aalto's First Buildings 625(4)
Paimio: The Sanatorium, 1929-1933 629(3)
The Undulating Wall 632(8)
Sunila: Factory and Landscape, 1937-1939 640(5)
Mairea, 1938-1939 645(3)
Organic Town Planning 648(7)
Civic and Cultural Centers 655(6)
Furniture in Standard Units 661(2)
Aalto as Architect 663(2)
The Human Side 665(3)
JØrn Utzon and the Third Generation 668(28)
Relations to the Past 668(4)
JØrn Utson 672(1)
The Horizontal Plane as a Constituent Element 673(3)
The Right of Expression: The Vaults of the Sydney Opera House 676(12)
Empathy with the Situation: The Zurich Theater, 1964 688(4)
Sympathy with the Anonymous Client 692(2)
Imagination and Implementation 694(2)
The International Congresses for Modern Architecture (CIAM) and the Formation of Contemporary Architecture 696(11)
Part VII
City Planning In The Nineteenth Century 707(70)
Early Nineteenth Century 708(6)
The Rue de Rivoli of Napoleon I 714(2)
The Dominance of Greenery, The London Squares 716(8)
The Garden Squares of Bloomsbury 724(10)
Large-Scale Housing Development: Regent's Park 734(5)
The Street Becomes Dominant: The Transformation of Paris, 1853-1868 739(38)
Paris in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century 740(4)
The ``Trois Reseaux'' of Eugene Haussmann 744(10)
Squares, Boulevards, Gardens, and Plants 754(8)
The City as a Technical Problem 762(3)
Haussmann's Use of Modern Methods of Finance 765(2)
The Basic Unit of the Street 767(3)
The Scale of the Street 770(3)
Haussmann's Foresight: His Influence 773(4)
Part VIII
City Planning As A Human Problem 777(38)
The Late Nineteenth Century 778(4)
Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City 782(3)
Patrick Geddes and Arturo Soria y Mata 785(2)
Tony Garnier's Cite Industrielle, 1901-1904 787(6)
Amsterdam and the Rebirth of Town Planning 793(22)
H. P. Berlage's Plans for Amsterdam South 796(8)
The General Extension Plan of Amsterdam, 1934 804(6)
Interrelations of Housing and Activities of Private Life 810(5)
Part IX
Space-Time in City Planning 815(56)
Contemporary Attitude toward Town Planning 816(2)
Destruction or Transformation? 818(5)
The New Scale in City Planning 823(33)
The American Parkway in the Thirties 823(10)
High-rise Buildings in Open Space 833(9)
Freedom for the Pedestrian 842(3)
The Civic Center: Rockefeller Center, 1931-1939 845(11)
Changing Notions of the City 856(15)
City and State 856(1)
The City: No Longer an Enclosed Organism 857(2)
Continuity and Change 859(4)
The Individual and Collective Spheres 863(5)
Signs of Change and of Constancy 868(3)
Part X
In Conclusion 871(13)
On the Limits of the Organic in Architecture 873(2)
Politics and Architecture 875(9)
Index 884
Introduction Architecture of the 1960's: Hopes and Fears xxxi
Part I
History A Part Of Life 1(28)
Introduction 2(3)
The Historian's Relation to his Age 5(2)
The Demand for Continuity 7(1)
Contemporary History 8(3)
The Identity of Methods 11(6)
Transitory and Constituent Facts 17(2)
Architecture as an Organism 19(4)
Procedure 23(6)
Part II
Our Architectural Inheritance 29(134)
The New Space Conception: Perspective 30(11)
Perspective and Urbanism 41(14)
Prerequisites for the Growth of Cities 41(1)
The Star-Shaped City 42(13)
Perspective and the Contituent Elements of the City 55(17)
The Wall, the Square, and the Street 56(3)
Bramante and the Open Stairway 59(5)
Michelangelo and the Modeling of Outer Space 64(6)
What Is the Real Significance of the Area Capitolina? 70(2)
Leonardo Da Vinci and the Dawn of Regional Planning 72(3)
Sixtus V (1585-1590) and the Planning of Baroque Rome 75(32)
The Medieval and the Renaissance City 77(5)
Sixtus V and His Pontificate 82(9)
The Master Plan 91(9)
The Social Aspect 100(7)
The Late Baroque 107(3)
The Undulating Wall and the Flexible Ground Plan 110(23)
Francesco Borromini, 1599-1667 110(11)
Guarino Guarini, 1624-1683 121(6)
South Germany: Vierzehnheiligen 127(6)
The Organization of Outer Space 133(30)
The Residential Group and Nature 133(8)
Single Squares 141(2)
Series of Interrelated Squares 143(20)
Part III
The Evolution Of New Potentialities 163(128)
Industrialization as a Fundamental Event 165(2)
Iron 167(14)
Early Iron Construction in England 169(2)
The Sunderland Bridge 171(4)
Early Iron Construction on the Continent 175(6)
From the Iron Column to the Steel Frame 181(9)
The Cast-Iron Column 184(6)
Toward the steel Frame 190(21)
James Bogardus 195(5)
The St. Louis River Front 200(4)
Early Skeleton Buildings 204(4)
Elevators 208(3)
The Schism Between Architecture and Technology 211(7)
Discussions 212(1)
Ecole Polytechnique: the Connection between Science and Life 213(1)
The Demand for a New Architecture 214(1)
The Interrelations of Architecture and Engineering 215(3)
Henri Labrouste, Architect-Constructor, 1801-1875 218(11)
New Building Problems---New Solutions 229(14)
Market Halls 229(5)
Department Stores 234(9)
The Great Exhibitions 243(34)
The Great Exhibition, London, 1851 249(6)
The Universal Exhibition, Paris, 1855 255(5)
Paris Exhibition of 1867 260(4)
Paris Exhibition of 1878 264(4)
Paris Exhibition of 1889 268(7)
Chicago, 1893 275(2)
Gustave Eiffel and His Tower 277(14)
Part IV
The Demand For Morality In Architecture 291(44)
The Nineties: Precursors of Contemporary Architecture 292(30)
Brussels the Center of Contemporary Art, 1880-1890 295(4)
Victor Horta's Contribution 299(9)
Berlage's Stock Exchange and the Demand for Morality 308(8)
Otto Wagner and the Viennese School 316(6)
Ferroconcrete and Its Influence Upon Architecture 322(13)
A. G. Perret 328(4)
Tony Garnier 332(3)
Part V
American Development 335(94)
Europe Observes American Production 336(8)
The Structure of American Industry 344(3)
The Balloon Frame and Industrialization 347(8)
The Balloon Frame and the Building-up of the West 350(1)
The Invention of the Balloon Frame 351(1)
George Washington Snow, 1797-1870 352(2)
The Balloon Frame and the Windsor Chair 354(1)
Plane Surfaces in American Architecture 355(13)
The Flexible and Informal Ground Plan 363(5)
The Chicago School 368(13)
The Apartment House 377(4)
Toward Pure Forms 381(15)
The Leiter Building, 1889 382(3)
The Reliance Building, 1894 385(3)
Sullivan: The Carson, Pirie, Scott Store, 1889-1906 388(1)
The Influence of the Chicago World's Fair, 1893 388(8)
Frank Lloyd Wright 396(33)
Wright and the American Development 396(4)
The Cruciform and the Elongated Plan 400(5)
Plane Surfaces and Structure 405(9)
The Urge toward the Organic 414(5)
Office Buildings 419(5)
Influence of Frank Lloyd Wright 424(3)
Frank Lloyd Wright's Late Period 427(2)
Part VI
Space-Time In Art, Architecture, And Construction 429(278)
The New Space Conception: Space-Time 430(4)
Do We Need Artists? 430(4)
The Research Into Space: Cubism 434(9)
The Artistic Means 437(6)
The Research into Movement: Futurism 443(5)
Painting Today 448(2)
Construction and Aesthetics: Slab and Plane 450(27)
The Bridges of Robert Maillart 450(25)
Afterword 475(2)
Walter Gropius and the German Development 477(22)
Germany in the Nineteenth Century 477(5)
Walter Gropius 482(3)
Germany after the First World War and the Bauhaus 485(6)
The Bauhaus Buildings at Dessau, 1926 491(6)
Architectural Aims 497(2)
Walter Gropius in America 499(19)
The Significance of the Post-1930 Emigration 499(1)
Walter Gropius and the American Scene 500(2)
Architectural Activity 502(8)
Gropius as Educator 510(2)
Later Development 512(2)
American Embassy in Athens, 1956-1961 514(4)
Le Corbusier and the Means of Architectonic Expression 518(69)
The Villa Savoie, 1928-1930 525(5)
The League of Nations Competition, 1927: Contemporary Architecture Comes to the Front 530(8)
Large Constructions and Architectural Aims 538(4)
Social Imagination 542(2)
The Unite d'Habitation, 1947-1952 544(5)
Chandigarh 549(4)
Later Work 553(3)
The Carpenter Center for Visual Arts, Harvard University, 1963 556(7)
Le Corbusier and His Clients 563(6)
The Priory of Ste. Marie de la Tourette, 1960 569(9)
The Legacy of Le Corbusier 578(9)
Mies Van Der Rohe and the Integrity of Form 587(31)
The Elements of Mies van der Rohe's Architecture 588(2)
Country Houses, 1923 590(4)
The Weissenhof Housing Settlement, Stuttgart, 1927 594(7)
The Illinois Institute of Technology, 1939--- 601(2)
High-rise Apartments 603(4)
Office Buildings 607(8)
On the Integrity of Form 615(3)
Alvar Aalto: Irrationality and Standardization 618(50)
Union between Life and Architecture 618(1)
The Complementarity of the Differentiated and the Primitive 619(2)
Finnish Architecture before 1930 621(4)
Aalto's First Buildings 625(4)
Paimio: The Sanatorium, 1929-1933 629(3)
The Undulating Wall 632(8)
Sunila: Factory and Landscape, 1937-1939 640(5)
Mairea, 1938-1939 645(3)
Organic Town Planning 648(7)
Civic and Cultural Centers 655(6)
Furniture in Standard Units 661(2)
Aalto as Architect 663(2)
The Human Side 665(3)
JØrn Utzon and the Third Generation 668(28)
Relations to the Past 668(4)
JØrn Utson 672(1)
The Horizontal Plane as a Constituent Element 673(3)
The Right of Expression: The Vaults of the Sydney Opera House 676(12)
Empathy with the Situation: The Zurich Theater, 1964 688(4)
Sympathy with the Anonymous Client 692(2)
Imagination and Implementation 694(2)
The International Congresses for Modern Architecture (CIAM) and the Formation of Contemporary Architecture 696(11)
Part VII
City Planning In The Nineteenth Century 707(70)
Early Nineteenth Century 708(6)
The Rue de Rivoli of Napoleon I 714(2)
The Dominance of Greenery, The London Squares 716(8)
The Garden Squares of Bloomsbury 724(10)
Large-Scale Housing Development: Regent's Park 734(5)
The Street Becomes Dominant: The Transformation of Paris, 1853-1868 739(38)
Paris in the First Half of the Nineteenth Century 740(4)
The ``Trois Reseaux'' of Eugene Haussmann 744(10)
Squares, Boulevards, Gardens, and Plants 754(8)
The City as a Technical Problem 762(3)
Haussmann's Use of Modern Methods of Finance 765(2)
The Basic Unit of the Street 767(3)
The Scale of the Street 770(3)
Haussmann's Foresight: His Influence 773(4)
Part VIII
City Planning As A Human Problem 777(38)
The Late Nineteenth Century 778(4)
Ebenezer Howard and the Garden City 782(3)
Patrick Geddes and Arturo Soria y Mata 785(2)
Tony Garnier's Cite Industrielle, 1901-1904 787(6)
Amsterdam and the Rebirth of Town Planning 793(22)
H. P. Berlage's Plans for Amsterdam South 796(8)
The General Extension Plan of Amsterdam, 1934 804(6)
Interrelations of Housing and Activities of Private Life 810(5)
Part IX
Space-Time in City Planning 815(56)
Contemporary Attitude toward Town Planning 816(2)
Destruction or Transformation? 818(5)
The New Scale in City Planning 823(33)
The American Parkway in the Thirties 823(10)
High-rise Buildings in Open Space 833(9)
Freedom for the Pedestrian 842(3)
The Civic Center: Rockefeller Center, 1931-1939 845(11)
Changing Notions of the City 856(15)
City and State 856(1)
The City: No Longer an Enclosed Organism 857(2)
Continuity and Change 859(4)
The Individual and Collective Spheres 863(5)
Signs of Change and of Constancy 868(3)
Part X
In Conclusion 871(13)
On the Limits of the Organic in Architecture 873(2)
Politics and Architecture 875(9)
Index 884
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