简介
Reviews the technologies, protocols, and applications associated with the cable TV (CATV) revolution, and previews the migration path from today's two-way hybrid fiber/coax (HFC) networks to the potential of DWDM fiber networks. Introduces key fiber-optics transmission technologies, and discusses hardware architecture of end-user home terminals. Analyzes single and multiple-wavelength fiber-optics transmission impairments over HFC and DWDM networks, and discusses transmission protocol, software architecture, and applications for end-user home terminals. Of interest to engineers, scientists, and cable professionals, managers, and investors. Ovadia works at Intel. He is a senior member of IEEE, and has written some 60 technical publications and conference presentations. Annotation c. Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)
目录
Preface p. xiii
1 Broadband Hybrid Fiber/Coax Access Networks Overview p. 1
1.1 Introduction p. 2
1.2 Traditional Cable TV Networks p. 5
1.3 Two Way HFC Access Networks p. 6
1.3.1 Subscriber's Home Terminal p. 6
1.3.2 Cable Modems p. 9
1.3.3 IP Telephony p. 10
1.4 Competing Access Technologies p. 12
1.4.1 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) p. 12
1.4.2 Fiber-In-The-Loop (FITL) p. 15
1.4.3 Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) p. 17
1.4.4 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) p. 18
References p. 19
2 Basic Cable TV Background: Modulation, Signal Formats and Coaxial Cable Systems p. 21
2.1 Analog Modulated Video Signal Formats p. 21
2.1.1 NTSC and AM-VSB Video Signals p. 21
2.1.2 NTSC Signal Test Parameters p. 25
2.1.3 PAL and SECAM Video Signals p. 27
2.2 Digital Video and Audio Signals p. 29
2.2.1 MPEG-1 Standard p. 29
2.2.2 MPEG-2 Standard p. 33
2.2.3 MPEG and AC-3 Audio p. 35
2.2.4 MPEG-4 Standard p. 36
2.2.5 Other Digital Video Standards p. 37
2.3 Cable TV Frequency Plans p. 37
2.4 Coaxial Cable TV Components and Systems p. 42
2.4.1 Coaxial Cable p. 42
2.4.2 RF Amplifiers p. 44
2.4.3 Taps p. 47
2.5 Multichannel Coaxial Cable TV Systems p. 47
2.5.1 CNR of a Single and Cascaded Amplifiers p. 47
2.5.2 Nonlinear Distortions: CSO, CTB, and XMOD p. 49
2.5.3 Multipath Reflections (Echoes) and Group Delay p. 50
2.5.4 AM Hum Modulation p. 55
2.6 Cable TV Return-Path Transmission Characteristics p. 56
2.6.1 Return-Path Noise Sources p. 56
2.6.2 Return-Path Noise Filtering p. 60
References p. 61
3 Directly Modulated Cable TV Lightwave Laser Transmitters p. 63
3.1 Semiconductor Laser Diodes p. 63
3.1.1 Basic Laser Physics Concepts p. 63
3.1.2 Semiconductor Laser Structures p. 68
3.1.3 Light-Current Characteristic p. 70
3.2 DFB and Multiple-Quantum-Well (MQW) Laser Diodes p. 72
3.2.1 DFB Laser Diodes p. 72
3.2.2 Multiple-Quantum-Well (MQW) Lasers p. 73
3.3 Laser Dynamic Characteristics p. 74
3.3.1 Small-Signal Response p. 75
3.3.2 Large-Signal Response Circuit Model p. 79
3.4 Noise in Laser Diodes p. 82
3.4.1 Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) p. 82
3.4.2 Laser Phase Noise p. 84
3.5 DFB Laser Transmitter p. 85
3.5.1 DFB Laser Transmitter System Design p. 85
3.5.2 Optical Isolators p. 87
3.5.3 Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC) Design and Operation p. 88
3.5.4 Linearization Methods p. 90
3.5.5 DFB Laser Transmitter Performance Requirements p. 91
3.6 Return-Path Laser Transmitters p. 92
3.6.1 Mode-Partition Noise and Mode-Hopping Noise p. 93
3.6.2 Performance Requirements p. 94
References p. 96
4 Externally Modulated Cable TV Lightwave Laser Transmitters p. 99
4.1 LiNbO[subscript 3] Optical Modulators p. 100
4.1.1 Basic Operation of LiNbO3 Intensity Modulators p. 100
4.1.2 Distortion Characteristics of MZI and BBI Modulators p. 104
4.2 Linearization Methods of Optical Modulators p. 106
4.2.1 Feedforward Linearization Method p. 107
4.2.2 Predistortion Linearization Method p. 108
4.2.3 Linearizer Circuits p. 110
4.3 Optical Linearization Methods p. 112
4.3.1 Optical Dual Parallel Linearization Method p. 112
4.3.2 Optical Dual Cascade Linearization Method p. 114
4.4 Externally Modulated Laser Transmitter Design p. 116
4.4.1 Externally Modulated YAG Laser Transmitter p. 116
4.4.2 Externally Modulated DFB Laser Transmitter p. 119
References p. 120
5 Lightwave Receivers for Cable TV Networks p. 123
5.1 p-i-n Photodiode p. 123
5.2 Noise Sources in Lightwave Receivers p. 129
5.2.1 Shot Noise p. 129
5.2.2 Thermal Noise p. 130
5.2.3 Laser RIN Noise p. 132
5.3 Carrier-To-Noise Ratio at the Receiver p. 133
5.4 Nonlinear Behavior of p-i-n Photodetectors p. 135
5.5 Basic Cable TV Receiver Design Configurations p. 138
5.5.1 Low- and High-Impedance Front-End Receiver Design p. 140
5.5.2 Transimpedance Front-End Receiver Design p. 141
5.5.3 High Performance Receiver Design for Cable TV p. 143
References p. 145
6 Optical Fiber Amplifiers for Cable TV Networks p. 147
6.1 Optical Fiber Amplifier Components p. 147
6.1.1 Wavelength-Division Multiplexers (WDMs) p. 147
6.1.2 Erbium-Doped Fibers (EDFs) p. 154
6.1.3 Pump Lasers p. 161
6.2 Basic EDFA System Configurations p. 163
6.3 Amplifier Noise and CNR Calculation p. 165
6.3.1 Optical Fiber Amplifier Noise p. 166
6.3.2 CNR and Noise-Figure Calculation p. 167
6.3.3 Noise-Figure Measurement p. 169
6.4 EDFA Requirements for Cable TV Networks p. 170
6.4.1 EDFA's Noise-Figure Requirement p. 170
6.4.2 EDFA's CNR Requirement p. 175
6.4.3 Gain-Flattened EDFAs p. 176
References p. 178
7 RF Digital QAM Modems p. 183
7.1 RF QAM Modem Building Blocks p. 183
7.2 MPEG Transport Framing p. 185
7.3 Reed-Solomon Codes p. 188
7.4 Interleaver/Deinterleaver p. 191
7.5 Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM) p. 193
7.5.1 Punctured Convolutional Coding p. 193
7.5.2 Viterbi Decoding p. 195
7.5.3 TCM for 64/256-QAM Modulation p. 198
7.5.4 Differential Precoder p. 200
7.6 Randomizer/Derandomizer p. 201
7.7 M-ary QAM Modulator Design and Operation p. 202
7.7.1 Baseband Shaping Filter p. 202
7.7.2 Building Blocks of M-ary Modulator p. 204
7.8 M-ary QAM Receiver Design and Operation p. 206
7.9 Adaptive Equalizer p. 208
7.10 Carrier and Timing Recovery p. 214
7.10.1 Carrier Recovery in QAM Receivers p. 214
7.10.2 Timing Recovery in QAM Receivers p. 217
7.11 MER and EVM p. 219
7.11.1 MER and EVM Definition p. 219
7.11.2 MER and EVM Test Procedure p. 220
7.12 BER of M-ary QAM Signals in AWGN Channel p. 223
References p. 228
8 Subscriber Home Terminals p. 231
8.1 Digital Set-Top Box Building Blocks p. 231
8.2 Cable TV RF Tuner p. 233
8.3 Out-of-Band (OOB) Receiver p. 235
8.3.1 OOB Randomizer p. 237
8.3.2 OOB Reed-Solomon Coding p. 238
8.3.3 OOB Interleaver p. 238
8.3.4 OOB QPSK Mapping p. 239
8.4 RF QAM Transceiver p. 239
8.4.1 RF Upstream FEC p. 242
8.4.1.1 Upstream R-S Coding p. 242
8.4.1.2 Upstream Randomizer p. 242
8.5 MPEG Video/Audio Demultiplexer and Decoder p. 243
8.5.1 VBI Retriever and Decoder p. 245
8.6 Conditional Access and Control p. 246
8.6.1 Digital Encryption/Decryption Basics p. 246
8.6.2 Access Control Basics p. 248
8.6.3 Renewable Security p. 249
8.7 Graphics Processor p. 250
8.7.1 Basic 3D Graphics Concepts and Techniques p. 251
8.7.2 On-Screen Video and 2D/3D Graphics Rendering Requirements p. 255
8.8 Set-Top Box CPU and Memory p. 257
8.8.1 Set-Top Box CPU p. 257
8.8.2 Set-Top Box Memory p. 258
8.9 Advanced Set-Top Box with Built-in DOCSIS Cable Modem p. 260
8.10 M-QAM Transmission Impairments in HFC Networks p. 261
8.10.1 Set-Top Box Front-End Losses p. 262
8.10.2 QAM Transmitter Losses p. 266
8.10.3 Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) p. 266
8.10.4 Multipath Reflections p. 267
8.10.5 Amplitude and Group Delay Variations p. 270
8.10.6 Burst and Impulse Noise p. 271
8.10.7 AM Hum Modulation p. 273
8.10.8 64/256-QAM System Budget Link p. 273
References p. 276
9 Transmission Impairments in Multichannel AM/QAM Lightwave Systems p. 279
9.1 Clipping-Induced Nonlinear Distortions p. 280
9.1.1 Asymptotic Statistical Properties of Clipping Noise p. 281
9.1.2 BER of M-ary QAM Channels Due to Clipping Noise p. 283
9.1.3 Comparison to Experimental Results p. 287
9.1.4 BER of QAM Channel Due to "Dynamic Clipping" Noise p. 290
9.1.5 Clipping Noise Reduction Methods p. 292
9.2 Bursty Nonlinear Distortions p. 294
9.3 Multiple Optical Reflections p. 299
9.3.1 Interferometric Noise due to DRB p. 300
9.3.2 Laser RIN Due to Multiple Discrete Optical Reflections p. 302
9.3.3 Multiple Reflections Effect on AM-VSB Channels p. 303
9.3.4 Multiple Reflections Effect on QAM Channels p. 307
9.4 Dispersion-Induced Nonlinear Distortions p. 309
9.5 Optical Fiber Nonlinear Effects p. 312
9.5.1 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Effect p. 312
9.5.2 Self and External Phase Modulation Effects p. 316
9.5.3 Stimulated Raman Scattering Effect p. 319
9.5.4 Cross-Phase Modulation Effect p. 322
9.6 Polarization-Dependent Distortion Effects p. 323
References p. 326
10 EDFA-Based WDM Multichannel AM/QAM Video Lightwave Access Networks p. 331
10.1 Architecture and Performance of Multichannel AM-VSB/QAM Video Lightwave Trunking Networks p. 331
10.1.1 Multichannel AM/QAM Video Lightwave Trunking Systems p. 333
10.1.2 Multichannel AM-VSB Video Lightwave Trunking Results p. 334
10.1.3 Multichannel AM-VSB/QAM Video Lightwave Trunking Results p. 336
10.1.4 Differential Detection in AM-VSB Video Trunking Systems p. 340
10.1.5 SPM and EPM Effects in AM Video Trunking Systems p. 342
10.1.6 Polarization Effects in AM-VSB Video Trunking Systems p. 344
10.1.7 Gain Tilt Distortion in AM Video Trunking Systems p. 346
10.2 The Problem with the Current HFC Networks p. 348
10.3 DWDM Downstream Access Network Architecture p. 349
10.4 DWDM Upstream Access Network Architecture p. 352
10.4.1 Frequency-Stacking Scheme p. 352
10.4.2 Digitized Return-Path Transport p. 354
References p. 357
11 Data-Over-Cable Interface Specifications (DOCSIS) Protocol p. 359
11.1 DOCSIS Communication Protocol p. 359
11.2 Downstream PHY Layer p. 361
11.2.1 Downstream PMD Sublayer p. 362
11.3 Upstream PHY Layer p. 363
11.3.1 Upstream Channel Parameters and Requirements p. 365
11.3.2 Burst Profiles p. 365
11.3.3 Burst Timing p. 368
11.3.4 Upstream Spurious Power Outputs p. 370
11.3.5 Burst Frame Structure p. 371
11.4 Downstream Transmission Convergence Sublayer p. 372
11.5 Media Access Control (MAC) Layer p. 373
11.5.1 MAC Frame Format p. 374
11.5.2 MAC Management Messages p. 375
11.6 Random Access and Contention Resolution Methods p. 380
11.6.1 Random Access Methods p. 380
11.6.2 p-Persistence with Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm p. 382
11.7 MAC Layer Protocol Operation p. 383
11.8 Quality of Service (QoS) and Fragmentation p. 384
11.8.1 Basic Concepts and Operation p. 385
11.8.2 Upstream Service Flow Scheduling p. 386
11.8.3 Upstream Fragmentation p. 388
11.9 CM and CMTS Interaction p. 390
References p. 392
12 Digital Set-Top Box Software Architecture and Applications p. 395
12.1 Digital Set-Top Box Software Architecture p. 395
12.1.1 Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) p. 397
12.1.2 Set-Top Box Middleware p. 398
12.2 Native Applications p. 402
13.2.1 Electronic Program Guides (EPGs) p. 402
12.2.2 Parental Control p. 404
12.3 TV-Based Interactive Applications p. 405
12.3.1 Pay-Per-View (PPV) and Impulse PPV (IPPV) p. 406
12.3.2 Enhanced Broadcast, Interactive, and Targeted Advertisements p. 407
12.3.3 Video-on-Demand (VOD) and Near VOD (NVOD) p. 407
12.4 Internet-Based Applications p. 409
12.4.1 Set-Top Box Web Browsers p. 409
12.4.2 E-mail p. 411
12.4.3 E-Commerce p. 412
12.4.4 Home Banking, Education, and Gaming p. 413
12.5 Integrated Set-Top Box Applications p. 414
References p. 416
Appendix A Comparison of DAVIC and DOCSIS Specifications p. 419
Appendix B International Cable TV Frequency Plans p. 423
B.1 CCIR System B/G Frequency Plan p. 423
B.2 CCIR System I Frequency Plan p. 425
B.3 CCIR System D Frequency Plan p. 427
Appendix C Satellite Transponder Parameters for Cable TV Networks p. 429
Acronyms p. 431
Index p. 437
Biography p. 447
1 Broadband Hybrid Fiber/Coax Access Networks Overview p. 1
1.1 Introduction p. 2
1.2 Traditional Cable TV Networks p. 5
1.3 Two Way HFC Access Networks p. 6
1.3.1 Subscriber's Home Terminal p. 6
1.3.2 Cable Modems p. 9
1.3.3 IP Telephony p. 10
1.4 Competing Access Technologies p. 12
1.4.1 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) p. 12
1.4.2 Fiber-In-The-Loop (FITL) p. 15
1.4.3 Direct Broadcast Satellite (DBS) p. 17
1.4.4 Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service (MMDS) p. 18
References p. 19
2 Basic Cable TV Background: Modulation, Signal Formats and Coaxial Cable Systems p. 21
2.1 Analog Modulated Video Signal Formats p. 21
2.1.1 NTSC and AM-VSB Video Signals p. 21
2.1.2 NTSC Signal Test Parameters p. 25
2.1.3 PAL and SECAM Video Signals p. 27
2.2 Digital Video and Audio Signals p. 29
2.2.1 MPEG-1 Standard p. 29
2.2.2 MPEG-2 Standard p. 33
2.2.3 MPEG and AC-3 Audio p. 35
2.2.4 MPEG-4 Standard p. 36
2.2.5 Other Digital Video Standards p. 37
2.3 Cable TV Frequency Plans p. 37
2.4 Coaxial Cable TV Components and Systems p. 42
2.4.1 Coaxial Cable p. 42
2.4.2 RF Amplifiers p. 44
2.4.3 Taps p. 47
2.5 Multichannel Coaxial Cable TV Systems p. 47
2.5.1 CNR of a Single and Cascaded Amplifiers p. 47
2.5.2 Nonlinear Distortions: CSO, CTB, and XMOD p. 49
2.5.3 Multipath Reflections (Echoes) and Group Delay p. 50
2.5.4 AM Hum Modulation p. 55
2.6 Cable TV Return-Path Transmission Characteristics p. 56
2.6.1 Return-Path Noise Sources p. 56
2.6.2 Return-Path Noise Filtering p. 60
References p. 61
3 Directly Modulated Cable TV Lightwave Laser Transmitters p. 63
3.1 Semiconductor Laser Diodes p. 63
3.1.1 Basic Laser Physics Concepts p. 63
3.1.2 Semiconductor Laser Structures p. 68
3.1.3 Light-Current Characteristic p. 70
3.2 DFB and Multiple-Quantum-Well (MQW) Laser Diodes p. 72
3.2.1 DFB Laser Diodes p. 72
3.2.2 Multiple-Quantum-Well (MQW) Lasers p. 73
3.3 Laser Dynamic Characteristics p. 74
3.3.1 Small-Signal Response p. 75
3.3.2 Large-Signal Response Circuit Model p. 79
3.4 Noise in Laser Diodes p. 82
3.4.1 Relative Intensity Noise (RIN) p. 82
3.4.2 Laser Phase Noise p. 84
3.5 DFB Laser Transmitter p. 85
3.5.1 DFB Laser Transmitter System Design p. 85
3.5.2 Optical Isolators p. 87
3.5.3 Thermoelectric Cooler (TEC) Design and Operation p. 88
3.5.4 Linearization Methods p. 90
3.5.5 DFB Laser Transmitter Performance Requirements p. 91
3.6 Return-Path Laser Transmitters p. 92
3.6.1 Mode-Partition Noise and Mode-Hopping Noise p. 93
3.6.2 Performance Requirements p. 94
References p. 96
4 Externally Modulated Cable TV Lightwave Laser Transmitters p. 99
4.1 LiNbO[subscript 3] Optical Modulators p. 100
4.1.1 Basic Operation of LiNbO3 Intensity Modulators p. 100
4.1.2 Distortion Characteristics of MZI and BBI Modulators p. 104
4.2 Linearization Methods of Optical Modulators p. 106
4.2.1 Feedforward Linearization Method p. 107
4.2.2 Predistortion Linearization Method p. 108
4.2.3 Linearizer Circuits p. 110
4.3 Optical Linearization Methods p. 112
4.3.1 Optical Dual Parallel Linearization Method p. 112
4.3.2 Optical Dual Cascade Linearization Method p. 114
4.4 Externally Modulated Laser Transmitter Design p. 116
4.4.1 Externally Modulated YAG Laser Transmitter p. 116
4.4.2 Externally Modulated DFB Laser Transmitter p. 119
References p. 120
5 Lightwave Receivers for Cable TV Networks p. 123
5.1 p-i-n Photodiode p. 123
5.2 Noise Sources in Lightwave Receivers p. 129
5.2.1 Shot Noise p. 129
5.2.2 Thermal Noise p. 130
5.2.3 Laser RIN Noise p. 132
5.3 Carrier-To-Noise Ratio at the Receiver p. 133
5.4 Nonlinear Behavior of p-i-n Photodetectors p. 135
5.5 Basic Cable TV Receiver Design Configurations p. 138
5.5.1 Low- and High-Impedance Front-End Receiver Design p. 140
5.5.2 Transimpedance Front-End Receiver Design p. 141
5.5.3 High Performance Receiver Design for Cable TV p. 143
References p. 145
6 Optical Fiber Amplifiers for Cable TV Networks p. 147
6.1 Optical Fiber Amplifier Components p. 147
6.1.1 Wavelength-Division Multiplexers (WDMs) p. 147
6.1.2 Erbium-Doped Fibers (EDFs) p. 154
6.1.3 Pump Lasers p. 161
6.2 Basic EDFA System Configurations p. 163
6.3 Amplifier Noise and CNR Calculation p. 165
6.3.1 Optical Fiber Amplifier Noise p. 166
6.3.2 CNR and Noise-Figure Calculation p. 167
6.3.3 Noise-Figure Measurement p. 169
6.4 EDFA Requirements for Cable TV Networks p. 170
6.4.1 EDFA's Noise-Figure Requirement p. 170
6.4.2 EDFA's CNR Requirement p. 175
6.4.3 Gain-Flattened EDFAs p. 176
References p. 178
7 RF Digital QAM Modems p. 183
7.1 RF QAM Modem Building Blocks p. 183
7.2 MPEG Transport Framing p. 185
7.3 Reed-Solomon Codes p. 188
7.4 Interleaver/Deinterleaver p. 191
7.5 Trellis-Coded Modulation (TCM) p. 193
7.5.1 Punctured Convolutional Coding p. 193
7.5.2 Viterbi Decoding p. 195
7.5.3 TCM for 64/256-QAM Modulation p. 198
7.5.4 Differential Precoder p. 200
7.6 Randomizer/Derandomizer p. 201
7.7 M-ary QAM Modulator Design and Operation p. 202
7.7.1 Baseband Shaping Filter p. 202
7.7.2 Building Blocks of M-ary Modulator p. 204
7.8 M-ary QAM Receiver Design and Operation p. 206
7.9 Adaptive Equalizer p. 208
7.10 Carrier and Timing Recovery p. 214
7.10.1 Carrier Recovery in QAM Receivers p. 214
7.10.2 Timing Recovery in QAM Receivers p. 217
7.11 MER and EVM p. 219
7.11.1 MER and EVM Definition p. 219
7.11.2 MER and EVM Test Procedure p. 220
7.12 BER of M-ary QAM Signals in AWGN Channel p. 223
References p. 228
8 Subscriber Home Terminals p. 231
8.1 Digital Set-Top Box Building Blocks p. 231
8.2 Cable TV RF Tuner p. 233
8.3 Out-of-Band (OOB) Receiver p. 235
8.3.1 OOB Randomizer p. 237
8.3.2 OOB Reed-Solomon Coding p. 238
8.3.3 OOB Interleaver p. 238
8.3.4 OOB QPSK Mapping p. 239
8.4 RF QAM Transceiver p. 239
8.4.1 RF Upstream FEC p. 242
8.4.1.1 Upstream R-S Coding p. 242
8.4.1.2 Upstream Randomizer p. 242
8.5 MPEG Video/Audio Demultiplexer and Decoder p. 243
8.5.1 VBI Retriever and Decoder p. 245
8.6 Conditional Access and Control p. 246
8.6.1 Digital Encryption/Decryption Basics p. 246
8.6.2 Access Control Basics p. 248
8.6.3 Renewable Security p. 249
8.7 Graphics Processor p. 250
8.7.1 Basic 3D Graphics Concepts and Techniques p. 251
8.7.2 On-Screen Video and 2D/3D Graphics Rendering Requirements p. 255
8.8 Set-Top Box CPU and Memory p. 257
8.8.1 Set-Top Box CPU p. 257
8.8.2 Set-Top Box Memory p. 258
8.9 Advanced Set-Top Box with Built-in DOCSIS Cable Modem p. 260
8.10 M-QAM Transmission Impairments in HFC Networks p. 261
8.10.1 Set-Top Box Front-End Losses p. 262
8.10.2 QAM Transmitter Losses p. 266
8.10.3 Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) p. 266
8.10.4 Multipath Reflections p. 267
8.10.5 Amplitude and Group Delay Variations p. 270
8.10.6 Burst and Impulse Noise p. 271
8.10.7 AM Hum Modulation p. 273
8.10.8 64/256-QAM System Budget Link p. 273
References p. 276
9 Transmission Impairments in Multichannel AM/QAM Lightwave Systems p. 279
9.1 Clipping-Induced Nonlinear Distortions p. 280
9.1.1 Asymptotic Statistical Properties of Clipping Noise p. 281
9.1.2 BER of M-ary QAM Channels Due to Clipping Noise p. 283
9.1.3 Comparison to Experimental Results p. 287
9.1.4 BER of QAM Channel Due to "Dynamic Clipping" Noise p. 290
9.1.5 Clipping Noise Reduction Methods p. 292
9.2 Bursty Nonlinear Distortions p. 294
9.3 Multiple Optical Reflections p. 299
9.3.1 Interferometric Noise due to DRB p. 300
9.3.2 Laser RIN Due to Multiple Discrete Optical Reflections p. 302
9.3.3 Multiple Reflections Effect on AM-VSB Channels p. 303
9.3.4 Multiple Reflections Effect on QAM Channels p. 307
9.4 Dispersion-Induced Nonlinear Distortions p. 309
9.5 Optical Fiber Nonlinear Effects p. 312
9.5.1 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Effect p. 312
9.5.2 Self and External Phase Modulation Effects p. 316
9.5.3 Stimulated Raman Scattering Effect p. 319
9.5.4 Cross-Phase Modulation Effect p. 322
9.6 Polarization-Dependent Distortion Effects p. 323
References p. 326
10 EDFA-Based WDM Multichannel AM/QAM Video Lightwave Access Networks p. 331
10.1 Architecture and Performance of Multichannel AM-VSB/QAM Video Lightwave Trunking Networks p. 331
10.1.1 Multichannel AM/QAM Video Lightwave Trunking Systems p. 333
10.1.2 Multichannel AM-VSB Video Lightwave Trunking Results p. 334
10.1.3 Multichannel AM-VSB/QAM Video Lightwave Trunking Results p. 336
10.1.4 Differential Detection in AM-VSB Video Trunking Systems p. 340
10.1.5 SPM and EPM Effects in AM Video Trunking Systems p. 342
10.1.6 Polarization Effects in AM-VSB Video Trunking Systems p. 344
10.1.7 Gain Tilt Distortion in AM Video Trunking Systems p. 346
10.2 The Problem with the Current HFC Networks p. 348
10.3 DWDM Downstream Access Network Architecture p. 349
10.4 DWDM Upstream Access Network Architecture p. 352
10.4.1 Frequency-Stacking Scheme p. 352
10.4.2 Digitized Return-Path Transport p. 354
References p. 357
11 Data-Over-Cable Interface Specifications (DOCSIS) Protocol p. 359
11.1 DOCSIS Communication Protocol p. 359
11.2 Downstream PHY Layer p. 361
11.2.1 Downstream PMD Sublayer p. 362
11.3 Upstream PHY Layer p. 363
11.3.1 Upstream Channel Parameters and Requirements p. 365
11.3.2 Burst Profiles p. 365
11.3.3 Burst Timing p. 368
11.3.4 Upstream Spurious Power Outputs p. 370
11.3.5 Burst Frame Structure p. 371
11.4 Downstream Transmission Convergence Sublayer p. 372
11.5 Media Access Control (MAC) Layer p. 373
11.5.1 MAC Frame Format p. 374
11.5.2 MAC Management Messages p. 375
11.6 Random Access and Contention Resolution Methods p. 380
11.6.1 Random Access Methods p. 380
11.6.2 p-Persistence with Binary Exponential Backoff Algorithm p. 382
11.7 MAC Layer Protocol Operation p. 383
11.8 Quality of Service (QoS) and Fragmentation p. 384
11.8.1 Basic Concepts and Operation p. 385
11.8.2 Upstream Service Flow Scheduling p. 386
11.8.3 Upstream Fragmentation p. 388
11.9 CM and CMTS Interaction p. 390
References p. 392
12 Digital Set-Top Box Software Architecture and Applications p. 395
12.1 Digital Set-Top Box Software Architecture p. 395
12.1.1 Real-Time Operating System (RTOS) p. 397
12.1.2 Set-Top Box Middleware p. 398
12.2 Native Applications p. 402
13.2.1 Electronic Program Guides (EPGs) p. 402
12.2.2 Parental Control p. 404
12.3 TV-Based Interactive Applications p. 405
12.3.1 Pay-Per-View (PPV) and Impulse PPV (IPPV) p. 406
12.3.2 Enhanced Broadcast, Interactive, and Targeted Advertisements p. 407
12.3.3 Video-on-Demand (VOD) and Near VOD (NVOD) p. 407
12.4 Internet-Based Applications p. 409
12.4.1 Set-Top Box Web Browsers p. 409
12.4.2 E-mail p. 411
12.4.3 E-Commerce p. 412
12.4.4 Home Banking, Education, and Gaming p. 413
12.5 Integrated Set-Top Box Applications p. 414
References p. 416
Appendix A Comparison of DAVIC and DOCSIS Specifications p. 419
Appendix B International Cable TV Frequency Plans p. 423
B.1 CCIR System B/G Frequency Plan p. 423
B.2 CCIR System I Frequency Plan p. 425
B.3 CCIR System D Frequency Plan p. 427
Appendix C Satellite Transponder Parameters for Cable TV Networks p. 429
Acronyms p. 431
Index p. 437
Biography p. 447
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