简介
Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
A personal and readable review of how plants and animals colonize islands.
Publisher Summary 2
New or recently sterilized islands (for example through volcanic activity), provide ecologists with natural experiments in which to study colonization, development and establishment of new biological communities. Studies carried out on islands like this have provided answers to fundamental questions as to what general principles are involved in the ecology of communities and what processes underlie and maintain the basic structure of ecosystems. These studies are vital for conservation biology, especially when evolutionary processes need to be maintained in systems in order to maintain biodiversity. The major themes are how animal and plant communities establish, particularly on 'new land' or following extirpations by volcanic activity. This book comprises a broad review of island colonization, bringing together succession models and general principles, case studies with which Professor Ian Thornton was intimately involved, and a synthesis of ideas, concluding with a look to the future for similar studies.
目录
PARTI Theoretical and experimental studies1
1 Introduction 3
Types of islands 7
2 Theoretical and experimental colonization 10
Theoretical models 10
Experimental islands in the laboratory 12
Experimental islands in nature 14
The equilibrium theory of island biogeography 15
The mangrove islet experiments 25
PART II Natura recolonization after devastation 27
3 A clean slate? 29
Volcanic effects on living communities 29
Local survival 37
4 Life returns: primary colonization of devastated surfaces 42
Nitrogen 45
Colonization of lava flows 47
Colonization of ash fields and tephra deposits 48
"Extrinsic energy 49
PART III The recolonizaton of devastated islands 57
Islands as areas for the study of community assembly 59
Organic flotsam 60
5 Recovering island biotas: Volcano and Barcena 61
Volcano Island, Lake Taal, Philippines, 1911 61
San Benedicto (Bircena I), Mexican Pacific, 1952 65
6 Thera, Santorini Group, Mediterranean 72
The pre-eruption environment 76
The 'Minoan' eruption 79
The effect of the Theran eruption on Crete 81
The Great Date Debate: when did the 'Minoan' eruption occur? 88
Biological recolonization of Thera 93
7 ong and Ritter Islands, Bismarck Sea 95
The Bismarck volcanic arc 95
Long Island's eruptive history and the last eruption 97
The Ritter Island event 101
Biological recolonization of Long Island 104
The nature of the colonists 115
A tighter focus 119
8 Krakatau, Sunda Strait 120
The pre-1883 biota 121
The first colonists 23
PA R T V Assembly ofbiotas on new island 133
Starting points 135
9 Lake Wisdom: a new island of fresh water 137
0 New islands in the sea 142
Sand cays in the Coral Sea and on the Puerto Rico Bank 142
Palea Kameni and Nea Kameni Santorini) b. 197 BC 142
Tuluman, Admiralty Group, Bismarck Sea b. 1953 146
11 Anak Krala , akatau Kkatas child, b. 1933 148
Birth and early physical development 148
Rate of establishment of biota 149
Pioneers exploiting extrinsic energy sources 150
Successional mosaics 151
12 Sutsey, Island ofSurur, b. 1963 157
Emergence and development of Sutsey 157
Scientific research on Surtsey 159
Surtsey and the Krakataus 160
The course of colonization 162
Dispersal to Surtsey 175
Earliest associations and communities of species 180
Differences from the colonization of the Krakataus 82
Lessons from Iceland 183
13 Motmot: an emergent island in fresh water 185
Birth and physical development 185
The colonization of Motmot 186
Colonization by Ficus species 195
Motmot's food chain 196
Absences frou Motmot 198
Generalist pioneers 199
Comparisons 199
PART V Colonization and assembly 203
14 Dispersal 205
Constraints on the dispersal of animals 207
The frequency of arrivals 214
15 Stepping stone islands: the case of Sebesi 218
Thehe oretical importance of stepping stones 218
She Sunda Strait islands 220
Types of evidence of stepping stone function 221
The comparison with Panaitan 232
Asynchronous environmental change on Sebesi and Krakatau 236
Conclusion 238
16 Learning from nature's lessons 239
Community development 239
Rakata and Anak Krakatau 242
Anak Krakatau and Surtsey 242
Repetitions of the colonization process 243
Conclusions from comparisons, including other colonizations 244
Chance and determinism 246
Summary of the colonization process 256
Light spots 257
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