Cover 1
Frontmatter 2
Half Title Page 2
Title Page 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Contributors 12
Preface to the Third Edition 14
Preface to the Second Edition 16
Preface to the First Edition 18
1. Rubber Elasticity: Basic Concepts and Behavior 20
I. INTRODUCTION 20
II. ELASTICITY OF A SINGLE MOLECULE 21
III. ELASTICITY OF A THREE-DIMENSIONAL NETWORK OF POLYMER MOLECULES 24
IV. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENT 29
V. CONTINUUM THEORY OF RUBBER ELASTICITY 31
VI. SECOND-ORDER STRESSES 39
VII. ELASTIC BEHAVIOR UNDER SMALL DEFORMATIONS 40
VIII. SOME UNSOLVED PROBLEMS IN RUBBER ELASTICITY 44
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 45
REFERENCES 45
2. Polymerization: Elastomer Synthesis 48
I. INTRODUCTION 48
II. CLASSIFICATION OF POLYMERIZATION REACTIONS AND KINETIC CONSIDERATIONS 49
III. Polyaddition/Polycondensation 53
IV. CHAIN POLYMERIZATION BY FREE RADICAL MECHANISM 55
V. EMULSION POLYMERIZATION 63
VI. COPOLYMERIZATION 74
VII. Chain Polymerization by Cationic Mechanism 80
VIII. CHAIN POLYMERIZATION BY ANIONIC MECHANISM 88
IX. STEREOSPECIFIC CHAIN POLYMERIZATION AND COPOLYMERIZATION BY COORDINATION CATALYSTS 98
X. GRAFT AND BLOCK COPOLYMERIZATION 108
REFERENCES 115
3. Structure Characterization in the Science and Technology of Elastomers 124
I. INTRODUCTION 124
II. CHEMICAL COMPOSITION 125
III. SEQUENCE DISTRIBUTION OF REPEAT UNITS 128
IV. CHAIN ARCHITECTURE 130
V. GLASS TRANSITION AND SECONDARY RELAXATION PROCESSES 147
VI. MORPHOLOGY 151
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 167
REFERENCES 167
4. The Molecular Basis of Rubberlike Elasticity 176
I. INTRODUCTION 176
II. STRUCTURE OF A TYPICAL NETWORK 177
III. ELEMENTARY MOLECULAR THEORIES 179
IV. MORE ADVANCED MOLECULAR THEORIES 187
V. PHENOMENOLOGICAL THEORIES AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE 191
VI. SWELLING OF NETWORKS AND RESPONSIVE GELS 192
VII. ENTHALPIC AND ENTROPIC CONTRIBUTIONS TO RUBBER ELASTICITY: FORCE-TEMPERATURE RELATIONS 195
VIII. DIRECT DETERMINATION OF MOLECULAR DIMENSIONS 196
IX. SINGLE-MOLECULE ELASTICITY 197
REFERENCES 200
5. The Viscoelastic Behavior of Rubber 202
I. INTRODUCTION 202
II. DEFINITIONS OF MEASURED QUANTITIES, J(t), G(t), AND G*(蠅), AND SPECTRA L(log 位) AND H(log 蟿) 203
III. THE GLASS TEMPERATURE 209
IV. VOLUME CHANGES DURING CURING 210
V. VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR ABOVE Tg 214
VI. VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR OF OTHER MODEL ELASTOMERS 220
VII. THE CALCULATION OF THE TEAR ENERGY OF ELASTOMERS FROM THEIR VISCOELASTIC BEHAVIOR 230
VIII. THEORETICAL INTERPRETATION OF VISCOELASTIC MECHANISMS AND ANOMALIES 235
IX. APPENDIX: NOMENCLATURE 249
REFERENCES 252
6. Rheological Behavior and Processing of Unvulcanized Rubber 256
I. INTRODUCTION 256
II. BASIC CONCEPTS OF MECHANICS 261
III. RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES 264
IV. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 288
V. MECHANOCHEMICAL BEHAVIOR 290
VI. RHEOLOGICAL MEASUREMENTS 294
VII. PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY 302
VIII. ENGINEERING ANALYSIS OF PROCESSING 317
REFERENCES 329
7. Vulcanization 340
I. INTRODUCTION 340
II. DEFINITION OF VULCANIZATION 341
III. EFFECTS OF VULCANIZATION ON VULCANIZATE PROPERTIES 342
IV. CHARACTERIZATION OF THE VULCANIZATION PROCESS 344
V. VULCANIZATION BY SULFUR WITHOUT ACCELERATOR 347
VI. ACCELERATED-SULFUR VULCANIZATION 350
VII. VULCANIZATION BY PHENOLIC CURATIVES, BENZOQUINONE DERIVATIVES, OR BISMALEIMIDES 368
VIII. VULCANIZATION BY THE ACTION OF METAL OXIDES 373
IX. VULCANIZATION BY THE ACTION OF ORGANIC PEROXIDES 375
X. DYNAMIC VULCANIZATION 380
REFERENCES 383
8. Reinforcement of Elastomers by Particulate Fillers 386
I. INTRODUCTION 386
II. PREPARATION OF FILLERS 387
III. MORPHOLOGICAL AND PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF FILLERS 389
IV. THE MIX: A NANOCOMPOSITE OF ELASTOMER AND FILLER 399
V. MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FILLED RUBBERS 405
REFERENCES 415
9. The Science of Rubber Compounding 420
I. INTRODUCTION 420
II. POLYMERS 421
III. FILLER SYSTEMS 434
IV. STABILIZER SYSTEMS 446
V. VULCANIZATION SYSTEM 452
VI. SPECIAL COMPOUNDING INGREDIENTS 460
VII. COMPOUND DEVELOPMENT 464
VIII. COMPOUND PREPARATION 468
IX. ENVIRONMENTAL REQUIREMENTS IN COMPOUNDING 469
X. SUMMARY 471
REFERENCES 472
10. Strength of Elastomers 474
I. INTRODUCTION 474
II. INITIATION OF FRACTURE 475
III. THRESHOLD STRENGTHS AND EXTENSIBILITIES 482
IV. FRACTURE UNDER MULTIAXIAL STRESSES 484
V. CRACK PROPAGATION 488
VI. TENSILE RUPTURE 498
VII. REPEATED STRESSING: MECHANICAL FATIGUE 504
VIII. SURFACE CRACKING BY OZONE 507
IX. ABRASIVE WEAR 508
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 511
REFERENCES 512
11. The Chemical Modification of Polymers 516
I. INTRODUCTION 516
II. CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF POLYMERS WITHIN BACKBONE AND CHAIN ENDS 517
III. ESTERIFICATION, ETHERIFICATION, AND HYDROLYSIS OF POLYMERS 519
IV. THE HYDROGENATION OF POLYMERS 522
V. DEHALOGENATION, ELIMINATION, AND HALOGENATION REACTIONS IN POLYMERS 524
VI. OTHER ADDITION REACTIONS TO DOUBLE BONDS 528
VII. OXIDATION REACTIONS OF POLYMERS 531
VIII. FUNCTIONALIZATION OF POLYMERS 531
IX. MISCELLANEOUS CHEMICAL REACTIONS OF POLYMERS 532
X. BLOCK AND GRAFT COPOLYMERIZATION 532
REFERENCES 546
12. Elastomer Blends 548
I. INTRODUCTION 548
II. MISCIBLE ELASTOMER BLENDS 550
III. IMMISCIBLE ELASTOMER BLENDS 557
IV. CONCLUSION 569
V. APPENDIX 1: ACRONYMS FOR COMMON ELASTOMERS 570
REFERENCES 570
13. Thermoplastic Elastomers 574
I. INTRODUCTION 574
II. SYNTHESIS OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS 579
III. MORPHOLOGY OF THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS 586
IV. PROPERTIES AND EFFECT OF STRUCTURE 605
V. THERMODYNAMICS OF PHASE SEPARATION 613
VI. THERMOPLASTIC ELASTOMERS AT SURFACES 619
VII. RHEOLOGY AND PROCESSING 625
VIII. APPLICATIONS 629
REFERENCES 631
14. Tire Engineering 638
I. INTRODUCTION 638
II. TIRE TYPES AND PERFORMANCE 639
III. BASIC TIRE DESIGN 640
IV. TIRE ENGINEERING 644
V. TIRE MATERIALS 655
VI. TIRE TESTING 670
VII. TIRE MANUFACTURING 674
VIII. SUMMARY 679
REFERENCES 680
15. Recycling of Rubbers 682
I. INTRODUCTION 682
II. RETREADING OF TIRE 684
III. RECYCLING OF RUBBER VULCANIZATES 684
IV. USE OF RECYCLED RUBBER 701
V. PYROLYSIS AND INCINERATION OF RUBBER 713
VI. CONCLUDING REMARKS 714
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 715
REFERENCES 715
Index 722