Biology : concepts & connections / 6th ed.

Table Of Contents:

Biology: Exploring Life 1(15)

Essay Dining in the Trees 1(1)

Themes in the Study of Biology 2(2)

In life's hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level 2(1)

Living organisms interact with their environments, exchanging matter and energy 3(1)

Cells are the structural and functional units of life 4(1)

Evolution, the Core Theme of Biology 4(5)

The unity of life: All forms of life have common features 4(2)

The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains 6(2)

Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life 8(1)

The Process of Science 9(3)

Scientists use two main approaches to learn about nature 9(1)

With hypothesis-based science, we pose and test hypotheses 10(2)

Biology and Everyday Life 12(1)

Connection Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways 12(1)

Evolution Connection Evolution is connected to our everyday lives 12(1)

Chapter Review 13(3)

Unit One The Life of the Cell

The Chemical Basis of Life 16(16)

Essay Who Tends This Garden? 17(1)

Elements, Atoms, and Molecules 18(7)

Living organisms are composed of about Chemical elements 18(1)

Connection Trace elements are common additives to food and water 18(1)

Elements can combine to form compounds 19(1)

Atoms consist of protons, neutrons, and electrons 20(1)

Connection Radioactive isotopes can help or harm us 21(1)

Electron arrangement determines the chemical properties of an atom 22(1)

Ionic bonds are attractions between ions of opposite charge 22(1)

Covalent bonds join atoms into molecules through electron sharing 23(1)

Unequal electron sharing creates polar molecules 24(1)

Hydrogen bonds are weak bonds important in the chemistry of life 24(1)

Water's Life-Supporting Properties 25(4)

Hydrogen bonds make liquid water cohesive 25(1)

Water's hydrogen bonds moderate temperature 25(1)

Ice is less dense than liquid water 26(1)

Water is the solvent of life 26(1)

The chemistry of life is sensitive to acidic and basic conditions 27(1)

Connection Acid precipitation and ocean acidification threaten the environment 28(1)

Evolution Connection The search for extraterrestrial life centers on the search for water 28(1)

Chemical Reactions 29(1)

Chemical reactions make and break bonds, changing the composition of matter 29(1)

Chapter Review 30(2)

The Molecules of Cells 32(18)

Essay Got Lactose? 33(1)

Introduction to Organic Compounds 34(3)

Life's molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon 34(1)

Characteristic chemical groups help determine the properties of organic compounds 35(1)

Cells make a huge number of large molecules from a small set of small molecules 36(1)

Carbohydrates 37(3)

Monosaccharides are the simplest carbohydrates 37(1)

Cells link two single sugars to form disaccharides 38(1)

Connection What is high-fructose corn syrup and is it to blame for obesity? 38(1)

Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units 39(1)

Lipids 40(2)

Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage molecules 40(1)

Phospholipids and steroids are important lipids with a variety of functions 41(1)

Connection Anabolic steroids pose health risks 41(1)

Proteins 42(4)

Proteins are essential to the structures and functions of life 42(1)

Proteins are made from amino acids linked by peptide bonds 42(1)

A protein's specific shape determines its function 43(1)

A protein's shape depends on four levels of structure 44(2)

Talking About Science Linus Pauling contributed to our understanding of the chemistry of life 46(1)

Nucleic Acids 46(2)

Nucleic acids are information-rich polymers of nucleotides 46(1)

Evolution Connection Lactose tolerance is a recent event in human evolution 47(1)

Chapter Review 48(2)

A Tour of the Cell 50(22)

Essay Cells on the Move 51(1)

Introduction to the Cell 52(6)

Microscopes reveal the world of the cell 52(2)

Most cells are microscopic 54(1)

Prokaryotic cells are structurally simpler than eukaryotic cells 55(1)

Eukaryotic cells are partitioned into functional compartments 56(2)

The structure of membranes correlates with their functions 58(1)

Cell Structures Involved in Manufacturing and Breakdown 58(5)

The nucleus is the cell's genetic control center 58(1)

Ribosomes make proteins for use in the cell and export 59(1)

Overview: Many cell organelles are connected through the endomembrane system 59(1)

The endoplasmic reticulum is a biosynthetic factory 60(1)

The Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products 61(1)

Lysosomes are digestive compartments within a cell 62(1)

Vacuoles function in the general maintenance of the cell 62(1)

A review of the structures involved in manufacturing and breakdown 63(1)

Energy-Converting Organelles 63(2)

Mitochondria harvest chemical energy from food 63(1)

Chloroplasts convert solar energy to chemical energy 64(1)

Evolution Connection Mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved by endosymbiosis 64(1)

Internal and External Support: The Cytoskeleton and Cell Surfaces 65(4)

The cell's internal skeleton helps organize its structure ' and activities 65(1)

Cilia and flagella move when microtubules bend 66(1)

Connection Problems with sperm motility may be environmental or genetic 67(1)

The extracellular matrix of animal cells functions in support, movement, and regulation 67(1)

Three types of cell junctions are found in animal tissues 68(1)

Cell walls enclose and support plant cells 68(1)

Functional Categories of Cell Structures 69(1)

Review: Eukaryotic cell structures can be grouped on the basis of four basic functions 69(1)

Chapter Review 70(2)

The Working Cell 72(16)

Essay Turning on the Lights to Be Invisible 73(1)

Membrane Structure and Function 74(6)

Membranes are a fluid mosaic of phospholipids and proteins 74(1)

Evolution Connection

Membranes form spontaneously, a critical step in the origin of life 75(1)

Passive transport is diffusion across a membrane with no energy investment 75(1)

Osmosis is the diffusion of water across a membrane 76(1)

Water balance between cells and their surroundings is crucial to organisms 76(1)

Transport proteins may facilitate diffusion across membranes 77(1)

Talking About Science Peter Agre talks about aquaporins, water-channel proteins found in some cells 78(1)

Cells expend energy in the active transport of a solute against its concentration gradient 78(1)

Exocytosis and endocytosis transport large molecules across membranes 79(1)

Energy and the Cell 80(4)

Cells transform energy as they perform work 80(1)

Two laws govern energy transformations 81(1)

Chemical reactions either release or store energy 82(1)

ATP shuttles chemical energy and drives cellular work 83(1)

How Enzymes Function 84(2)

Enzymes speed up the cell's chemical reactions by lowering energy barriers 84(1)

A specific enzyme catalyzes each cellular reaction 84(1)

Enzyme inhibitors block enzyme action and can regulate enzyme activity in a cell 85(1)

Chapter Review 86(2)

How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy 88(18)

Essay How Is a Marathoner Different from a Sprinter? 89(1)

Introduction to Cellular Respiration 90(3)

Photosynthesis and cellular respiration provide energy for life 90(1)

Breathing supplies oxygen to our cells for use in cellular respiration and removes carbon dioxide 90(1)

Cellular respiration banks energy in ATP molecules 91(1)

Connection The human body uses energy from ATP for all its activities 91(1)

Cells tap energy from electrons ``falling'' from organic fuels to oxygen 92(1)

Stages of Cellular Respiration and Fermentation 93(9)

Overview: Cellular respiration occurs in three main stages 93(1)

Glycolysis harvests chemical energy by oxidizing glucose to pyruvate 94(2)

Pyruvate is chemically groomed for the citric acid cycle 96(1)

The citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of organic molecules, generating many NADH and FADH2 molecules 96(2)

Most ATP production occurs by oxidative phosphorylation 98(1)

Connection Certain poisons interrupt critical events in cellular respiration 99(1)

Review: Each molecule of glucose yields many molecules of ATP 100(1)

Fermentation enables cells to produce ATP without oxygen 101(1)

Evolution Connection Glycolysis evolved early in the history of life on Earth 102(1)

Interconnections Between Molecular Breakdown and Synthesis 102(2)

Cells use many kinds of organic molecules as fuel for cellular respiration 102(1)

Food molecules provide raw materials for biosynthesis 103(1)

Chapter Review 104(2)

Photosynthesis: Using Light to Make Food 106(18)

Essay Plant Power 107(1)

An Overview of Photosynthesis 108(4)

Autotrophs are the producers of the biosphere 108(1)

Photosynthesis occurs in chloroplasts in plant cells 109(1)

Plants produce O2 gas by splitting water 110(1)

Photosynthesis is a redox process, as is cellular respiration 110(1)

Overview: The two stages of photosynthesis are linked by ATP and NADPH 111(1)

The Light Reactions: Converting Solar Energy to Chemical Energy 112(4)

Visible radiation drives the light reactions 112(1)

Photosystems capture solar power 113(1)

Two photosystems connected by an electron transport chain generate ATP and NADPH 114(1)

Chemiosmosis powers ATP synthesis in the light reactions 115(1)

The Calvin Cycle: Converting CO2 to Sugars 116(1)

ATP and NADPH power sugar synthesis in the Calvin cycle 116(1)

Photosynthesis Reviewed and Extended 117(2)

Review: Photosynthesis uses light energy, CO2, and H2O to make food molecules 117(1)

Evolution Connection Adaptations that save water in hot, dry climates evolved in C4 and CAM plants 118(1)

Photosynthesis, Solar Radiation, and Earth's Atmosphere 119(2)

Connection Photosynthesis moderates global warming 119(1)

Talking About Science Mario Molina talks about Earths protective ozone layer 120(1)

Chapter Review 121(3)

Unit Two Cellular Reproduction and Genetics

The Cellular Basis of Reproduction and Inheritance 124(28)

Essay Rain Forest Rescue 125(1)

Connections Between Cell Division and Reproduction 126(2)

Like begets like, more or less 126(1)

Cells arise only from preexisting cells 127(1)

Prokaryotes reproduce by binary fission 127(1)

The Eukaryotic Cell Cycle and Mitosis 128(8)

The large, complex chromosomes of eukaryotes duplicate with each cell division 128(1)

The cell cycle multiplies cells 129(1)

Cell division is a continuum of dynamic changes 130(2)

Cytokinesis differs for plant and animal cells 132(1)

Anchorage, cell density, and chemical growth factors affect cell division 133(1)

Growth factors signal the cell cycle control system 134(1)

Connection Growing out of control, cancer cells produce malignant tumors 135(1)

Review: Mitosis provides for growth, cell replacement, and asexual reproduction 136(1)

Meiosis and Crossing Over 136(8)

Chromosomes are matched in homologous pairs 136(1)

Gametes have a single set of chromosomes 137(1)

Meiosis reduces the chromosome number from diploid to haploid 138(2)

Mitosis and meiosis have important similarities and differences 140(1)

Independent orientation of chromosomes in meiosis and random fertilization lead to varied offspring 141(1)

Homologous chromosomes can carry different versions of genes 142(1)

Crossing over further increases genetic variability 142(2)

Alterations of Chromosome Number Structure 144(5)

A karyotype is a photographic inventory of an individual's chromosomes 144(1)

Connection An extra copy of chromosome 21 causes Down syndrome 145(1)

Accidents during meiosis can alter chromosome number 146(1)

Connection Abnormal numbers of sex chromosomes do not usually affect survival 146(1)

Evolution Connection New species can arise from errors in cell division 147(1)

Connection Alterations of chromosome structure can cause birth defects and cancer 148(1)

Chapter Review 149(3)

Patterns of Inheritance 152(28)

Essay Barking Up the Genetic Tree 153(1)

Mendel's Laws 154(12)

The science of genetics has ancient roots 154(1)

Experimental genetics began in an abbey garden 154(2)

Mendel's law of segregation describes the inheritance of a single character 156(1)

Homologous chromosomes bear the alleles for each character 157(1)

The law of independent assortment is revealed by tracking two characters at once 158(1)

Geneticists use the testcross to determine unknown genotypes 159(1)

Mendel's laws reflect the rules of probability 160(1)

Connection Genetic traits in humans can be tracked through family pedigrees 161(1)

Connection Many inherited disorders in humans are controlled by a single gene 162(2)

Connection New technologies can provide insight into one's genetic legacy 164(2)

Variations on Mendel's Laws 166(4)

Incomplete dominance results in intermediate phenotypes 166(1)

Many genes have more than two alleles in the population 167(1)

A single gene may affect many phenotypic characters 168(1)

A single character may be influenced by many genes 169(1)

The environment affects many characters 170(1)

The Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance 170(4)

Chromosome behavior accounts for Mendel's laws 170(2)

Genes on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together 172(1)

Crossing over produces new combinations of alleles 172(2)

Geneticists use crossover data to map genes 174(1)

Sex Chromosomes and Sex-Linked Genes 174(4)

Chromosomes determine sex in many species 174(2)

Sex-linked genes exhibit a unique pattern of inheritance 176(1)

Connection Sex-linked disorders affect mostly males 177(1)

Evolution Connection The Y Chromosome provides clues about human male evolution 177(1)

Chapter Review 178(2)

Molecular Biology of the Gene 180(28)

Essay Sabotage Inside Our Cells 181(1)

The Structure of the Genetic Material 182(6)

Experiments showed that DNA is the genetic material 182(2)

DNA and RNA are polymers of nucleotides 184(2)

DNA is a double-stranded helix 186(2)

DNA Replication 188(2)

DNA replication depends on specific base pairing 188(1)

DNA replication proceeds in two directions at many sites simultaneously 189(1)

The Flow of Genetic Information from DNA to RNA to Protein 190(10)

The DNA genotype is expressed as proteins, which provide the molecular basis for phenotypic traits 190(1)

Genetic information written in codons is translated into amino acid sequences 191(1)

The genetic code is the Rosetta stone of life 192(1)

Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of RNA 193(1)

Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus 194(1)

Transfer RNA molecules serve as interpreters during translation 194(2)

Ribosomes build polypeptides 196(1)

An initiation codon marks the start of an mRNA message 196(1)

Elongation adds amino acids to the polypeptide chain until a stop codon terminates translation 197(1)

Review: The flow of genetic information in the cell is DNA → RNA → protein 198(1)

Mutations can change the meaning of genes 199(1)

Microbial Genetics 200(6)

Viral DNA may become part of the host chromosome 200(1)

Connection Many viruses cause disease in animals and plants 201(1)

Evolution Connection Emerging viruses threaten human health 202(1)

The AIDS virus makes DNA on an RNA template 203(1)

Viroids and prions are formidable pathogens in plants and animals 203(1)

Bacteria can transfer DNA in three ways 204(1)

Bacterial plasmids can serve as carriers for gene transfer 205(1)

Chapter Review 206(2)

How Genes Are Controlled 208(22)

Essay Cloning to the Rescue? 209(1)

Control of Gene Expression 210(11)

Proteins interacting with DNA turn prokaryotic genes on or off in response to environmental changes 210(2)

Differentiation results from the expression of different combinations of genes 212(1)

DNA packing in eukaryotic chromosomes helps regulate gene expression 212(1)

In female mammals, one X chromosome is inactive in each somatic cell 213(1)

Complex assemblies of proteins control eukaryotic transcription 214(1)

Eukaryotic RNA may be spliced in more than one way 214(1)

Small RNAs play multiple roles in controlling gene expression 215(1)

Translation and later stages of gene expression are also subject to regulation 216(1)

Review: Multiple mechanisms regulate gene expression in eukaryotes 217(1)

Cascades of gene expression direct the development of an animal 218(1)

Connection DNA microarrays test for the transcription of many genes at once 219(1)

Signal transduction pathways convert messages received at the cell surface to responses within the cell 220(1)

Evolution Connection Cell-signaling systems appeared early in the evolution of life 220(1)

Cloning of Plants and Animals 221(3)

Plant cloning shows that differentiated cells may retain all of their genetic potential 221(1)

Nuclear transplantation can be used to clone animals 222(1)

Connection Reproductive cloning has valuable applications, but human reproductive cloning raises ethical issues 222(1)

Connection Therapeutic cloning can produce stem cells with great medical potential 223(1)

The Genetic Basis of Cancer 224(4)

Cancer results from mutations in genes that control cell division 224(1)

Multiple genetic changes underlie the development of cancer 225(1)

Faulty proteins can interfere with normal signal transduction pathways 226(1)

Connection Lifestyle choices can reduce the risk of cancer 227(1)

Chapter Review 228(2)

DNA Technology and Genomics 230(24)

Essay DNA and Crime Scene Investigations 231(1)

Gene Cloning 232(4)

Genes can be cloned in recombinant plasmids 232(2)

Enzymes are used to ``cut and paste'' DNA 234(1)

Cloned genes can be stored in genomic libraries 235(1)

Reverse transcriptase helps make genes for cloning 235(1)

Nucleic acid probes identify clones carrying specific genes 236(1)

Genetically Modified Organisms 236(6)

Recombinant cells and organisms can mass-produce gene products 236(2)

Connection DNA technology has changed the pharmaceutical industry and medicine 238(1)

Connection Genetically modified organisms are transforming agriculture 239(1)

Genetically modified organisms raise concerns about human and environmental health 240(1)

Connection Gene therapy may someday help treat a variety of diseases 241(1)

DNA Profiling 242(5)

The analysis of genetic markers can produce a DNA profile 242(1)

The PCR method is used to amplify DNA sequences 242(1)

Gel electrophoresis sorts DNA molecules by size 243(1)

STR analysis is commonly used for DNA profiling 244(1)

Connection DNA profiling has provided evidence in many forensic investigations 245(1)

RFLPs can be used to detect differences in DNA sequences 246(1)

Genomics 247(3)

Genomics is the scientific study of whole genomes 247(1)

Connection The Human Genome Project revealed that most of the human genome does not consist of genes 248(1)

The whole-genome shotgun method of sequencing a genome can provide a wealth of data quickly 249(1)

Proteomics is the scientific study of the full set of proteins encoded by a genome 249(1)

Evolution Connection Genomes hold clues to the evolutionary divergence of humans and chimps 250(1)

Chapter Review 250(4)

Unit Three Concept of Evolution

How Populations Evolve 254(22)

Essay Clown, Fool, or Simply Well Adapted? 255(1)

Darwin's Theory of Evolution 256(8)

A sea voyage helped Darwin frame his theory of evolution 256(2)

Darwin proposed natural selection as the mechanism of evolution 258(1)

Scientists can observe natural selection in action 259(1)

The study of fossils provides strong evidence for evolution 260(2)

A mass of other evidence reinforces the evolutionary view of life 262(1)

Homologies indicate patterns of descent that can be shown on an evolutionary tree 263(1)

The Evolution of Populations 264(10)

Populations are the units of evolution 264(1)

Mutation and sexual reproduction produce genetic variation, making evolution possible 264(2)

The Hardy-Weinberg equation can be used to test whether a population is evolving 266(1)

Connection The Hardy-Weinberg equation is useful in public health science 267(1)

Mechanisms of Microevolution 268(1)

Natural selection, genetic drift, and gene flow can alter allele frequencies in a population 268(1)

Natural selection is the only mechanism that consistently leads to adaptive evolution 269(1)

Natural selection can alter variation in a population in three ways 270(1)

Sexual selection may lead to phenotypic differences between males and females 271(1)

Evolution Connection The evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a serious public health concern 272(1)

Diploidy and balancing selection preserve genetic variation 272(1)

Natural selection cannot fashion perfect organisms 273(1)

Chapter Review 274(2)

The Origin of Species 276(16)

Essay The Rise and Fall of Cichlids 276(2)

The origin of species is the source of biological diversity 278(1)

Concepts of Species 278(4)

There are several ways to define a species 278(2)

Reproductive barriers keep species separate 280(2)

Mechanisms of Speciation 282(8)

In allopatric speciation, geographic isolation leads to speciation 282(1)

In sympatric speciation, speciation takes place without geographic isolation 283(1)

Evolution Connection Most plant species trace their origin to polyploid speciation 284(1)

Reproductive barriers may evolve as populations diverge 285(1)

Hybrid zones provide opportunities to study reproductive isolation 286(1)

Talking About Science Peter and Rosemary Grant study the evolution of Darwin's finches 287(1)

Adaptive radiation may occur when new opportunities arise 288(1)

Speciation can occur rapidly or slowly 289(1)

Chapter Review 290(2)

Tracing Evolutionary History 292(26)

Essay On the Wings of Eagles, Bats, and Pterosaurs 293(1)

Early Earth and the Origin of Life 294(3)

Conditions on early Earth made the origin of life possible 294(1)

Talking About Science Stanley Miller's experiments showed that the abiotic synthesis of organic molecules is possible 295(1)

The formation of polymers, membranes, and self-replicating molecules represent stages in the origin of the first cells 296(1)

Major Events in the History of Life 297(3)

The origins of single-celled and multicelled organisms and the colonization of land are key events in life's history 297(1)

The actual ages of rocks and fossils mark geologic time 298(1)

The fossil record documents the history of life 298(2)

Mechanisms of Macroevolution 300(8)

Continental drift has played a major role in macroevolution 300(2)

Connection The effects of continental drift may imperil human life 302(1)

Mass extinctions destroy large numbers of species 302(2)

Evolution Connection Adaptive radiations have increased the diversity of life 304(1)

Genes that control development play a major role in evolution 304(2)

Evolutionary novelties may arise in several ways 306(1)

Evolutionary trends do not mean that evolution is goal directed 307(1)

Phylogeny and the Tree of Life 308(7)

Phylogenies are based on homologies in fossils and living organisms 308(1)

Systematics connects classification with evolutionary history 308(2)

Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees 310(2)

An organism's evolutionary history is documented in its genome 312(1)

Molecular clocks help track evolutionary time 313(1)

Constructing the tree of life is a work in progress 314(1)

Chapter Review 315(3)

Unit Four The Evolution of Biological Diversity

The Origin and Evolution of Microbial Life: Prokaryotes and Protists 318(22)

Essay How Ancient Bacteria Changed the World 318(2)

Prokaryotes 320(10)

Prokaryotes are diverse and widespread 320(1)

Bacteria and archaea are the two main branches of prokaryotic evolution 320(1)

Prokaryotes come in a variety of shapes 321(1)

Various structural features contribute to the success of prokaryotes 322(2)

Prokaryotes obtain nourishment in a variety of ways 324(1)

Archaea thrive in extreme environments---and in other habitats 325(1)

Bacteria include a diverse assemblage of prokaryotes 326(1)

Connection Some bacteria cause disease 327(1)

Connection Bacteria can be used as biological weapons 328(1)

Connection Prokaryotes help recycle chemicals and clean up the environment 329(1)

Protists 330(8)

Protists are an extremely diverse assortment of eukaryotes 330(1)

Evolution Connection Secondary endosymbiosis is the key to protist diversity 331(1)

A tentative phylogeny of eukaryotes includes multiple clades of protists 332(1)

Diplomonads and parabasalids have modified mitochondria 332(1)

Euglenozoans have flagella with a unique internal structure 333(1)

Alveolates have sacs beneath the plasma membrane 333(1)

Stramenopiles have ``hairy'' and smooth flagella 334(1)

Amoebozoans have lobe-shaped pseudopodia 334(1)

Foraminiferans and radiolarians have threadlike pseudopodia 335(1)

Red algae and green algae are the closest relatives of land plants 336(1)

Evolution Connection Multicellularity evolved several times in eukaryotes 337(1)

Chapter Review 338(2)

Plants, Fungi, and the Colonization of Land 340(24)

Essay Plants and Fungi---A Beneficial Partnership 341(1)

Plant Evolution and Diversity 342(4)

Plants have adaptations for life on land 342(2)

Plant diversity reflects the evolutionary history of the plant kingdom 344(2)

Alternation of Generations and Plant Life Cycles 346(9)

Haploid and diploid generations alternate in plant life cycles 346(1)

Mosses have a dominant gametophyte 346(1)

Ferns, like most plants, have a dominant sporophyte 347(1)

Seedless vascular plants dominated vast ``coal forests'' 348(1)

A pine tree is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its cones 348(2)

The flower is the centerpiece of angiosperm reproduction 350(1)

The angiosperm plant is a sporophyte with gametophytes in its flowers 350(2)

The structure of a fruit reflects its function in seed dispersal 352(1)

Connection Angiosperms sustain us---and add spice to our diets 352(1)

Evolution Connection Pollination by animals has influenced angiosperm evolution 353(1)

Connection Plant diversity is an irreplaceable resource 354(1)

Fungi 355(7)

Fungi absorb food after digesting it outside their bodies 355(1)

Fungi produce spores in both asexual and sexual life cycles 356(1)

Fungi are classified into five groups 356(2)

Fungal groups differ in their life cycles and reproductive structures 358(1)

Connection Parasitic fungi harm plants and animals 359(1)

Lichens consist of fungi living in close association with photosynthetic organisms 360(1)

Some fungi have mutually beneficial relationships with ants 360(1)

Connection Fungi have enormous ecological benefits and practical uses 361(1)

Chapter Review 362(2)

The Evolution of Invertebrate Diversity 364(24)

Essay Fatal or Fake? 365(1)

Animal Evolution and Diversity 366(4)

What is an animal? 366(1)

The ancestor of animals was probably a colonial, flagellated protist 367(1)

Animals can be characterized by basic features of their ``body plan'' 368(1)

The body plans of animals can be used to build phylogenetic trees 369(1)

Invertebrate Diversity 370(14)

Sponges have a relatively simple, porous body 370(1)

Cnidarians are radial animals with tentacles and stinging cells 371(1)

Flatworms are the simplest bilateral animals 372(1)

Nematodes have a pseudocoelom and a complete digestive tract 373(1)

Diverse molluscs are variations on a common body plan 374(2)

Annelids are segmented worms 376(2)

Arthropods are segmented animals with jointed appendages and an exoskeleton 378(2)

Evolution Connection Insects are the most successful group of animals 380(2)

Echinoderms have spiny skin, an endoskeleton, and a water vascular system for movement 382(1)

Our own phylum, Chordata, is distinguished by four features 383(1)

Animal Phylogeny and Diversity Revisited 384(2)

An animal phylogenetic tree is a work in progress 384(1)

Talking About Science Sean Carroll talks about the evolution of animal diversity 385(1)

Chapter Review 386(2)

The Evolution of Vertebrate Diversity 388(24)

Essay What Am I? 388(2)

Vertebrate Evolution and Diversity 390(10)

Derived characters define the major clades of chordates 390(1)

Hagfishes and lampreys lack hinged jaws 391(1)

Jawed vertebrates with gills and paired fins include sharks, ray-finned fishes, and lobe-finned fishes 392(2)

Evolution Connection New fossil discoveries are filling in the gaps of tetrapod evolution 394(2)

Amphibians are tetrapods---vertebrates with two pairs of limbs 396(1)

Reptiles are amniotes---tetrapods with a terrestrially adapted egg 397(1)

Birds are feathered reptiles with adaptations for flight 398(1)

Mammals are amniotes that have hair and produce milk 399(1)

Primate Diversity 400(3)

The human story begins with our primate heritage 400(2)

Hominoids include humans and four other groups of apes 402(1)

Hominid Evolution 403(6)

The hominid branch of the primate tree is only a few million years old 403(1)

Upright posture evolved long before an enlarged brain 404(1)

Larger brains mark the evolution of Homo 404(1)

Neanderthals and our human ancestors diverged half a million years ago 405(1)

From origins in Africa, Homo sapiens spread around the world 406(1)

A genetic difference helped humans start speaking 407(1)

Evolution Connection Human skin color reflects adaptations to varying amounts of sunlight 407(1)

Connection Humans threaten animal diversity by introducing non-native species 408(1)

Chapter Review 409(3)

Unit Five Animals: Form and Function

Unifying Concepts of Animal Structure and Function 412(16)

Essay Climbing the Walls 413(1)

The Hierarchy of Structural Organization in an Animal 414(10)

Structure fits function at all levels of organization in the animal body 414(1)

Evolution Connection An animal's form reflects natural selection 415(1)

Tissues are groups of cells with a common structure and function 415(1)

Epithelial tissue covers the body and lines its organs and cavities 416(1)

Connective tissue binds and supports other tissues 417(1)

Muscle tissue functions in movement 418(1)

Nervous tissue forms a communication network 418(1)

Organs are made up of tissues 419(1)

Connection Bioengineers are learning to produce tissues and organs for transplants 419(1)

Organ systems work together to perform life's functions 420(2)

Connection New imaging technology reveals the inner body 422(1)

The integumentary system protects the body 423(1)

Exchanges with the External Environment 424(2)

Structural adaptations enhance exchange between animals and their environment 424(1)

Animals regulate their internal environment 425(1)

Homeostasis depends on negative feedback 426(1)

Chapter Review 426(2)

Nutrition and Digestion 428(24)

Essay Getting Their Fill of Krill 429(1)

Obtaining and Processing Food 430(3)

Animals ingest their food in a variety of ways 430(1)

Overview: Food processing occurs in four stages 431(1)

Digestion occurs in specialized compartments 432(1)

Human Digestive System 433(9)

The human digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands 433(1)

Digestion begins in the oral cavity 434(1)

After swallowing, peristalsis moves food through the esophagus to the stomach 434(1)

Connection The Heimlich maneuver can save lives 435(1)

The stomach stores food and breaks it down with acid and enzymes 436(1)

Connection Digestive ailments include acid reflux and gastric ulcers 437(1)

The small intestine is the major organ of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption 438(2)

One of the liver's many functions is processing nutrient-laden blood from the intestines 440(1)

The large intestine reclaims water and compacts the feces 440(1)

Evolution Connection Evolutionary adaptations of vertebrate digestive systems often relate to diet 441(1)

Nutrition 442(8)

Overview: A healthy diet satisfies three needs 442(1)

Chemical energy powers the body 442(1)

An animal's diet must supply essential nutrients 443(1)

Connection Vegetarians must be sure to obtain all eight essential amino acids 443(1)

A healthy diet includes 13 vitamins and many essential minerals 444(2)

Connection Do you need to take vitamin and mineral supplements? 446(1)

Connection What do food labels tell us? 446(1)

Evolution Connection The human health problem of obesity may reflect our evolutionary past 447(1)

Connection What are the health risks and benefits of weight loss plans? 448(1)

Connection Diet can influence cardiovascular disease and cancer 449(1)

Chapter Review 450(2)

Gas Exchange 452(14)

Essay Surviving in Thin Air 453(1)

Mechanisms of Gas Exchange 454(8)

Overview: Gas exchange in an animal with lungs involves breathing, transport of gases, and exchange of gases with tissue cells 454(1)

Animals exchange O2 and CO2 across moist body surfaces 454(2)

Gills are adapted for gas exchange in aquatic environments 456(1)

The tracheal system of insects provides direct exchange between the air and body cells 457(1)

Evolution Connection The evolution of lungs facilitated the movement of tetrapods onto land 458(1)

In the human respiratory system, branching tubes convey air to lungs located in the chest cavity 458(2)

Connection Smoking is a serious assault on the respiratory system 460(1)

Negative pressure breathing ventilates our lungs 460(1)

Breathing is automatically controlled 461(1)

Transport of Gases in the Human Body 462(2)

Blood transports respiratory gases 462(1)

Hemoglobin carries O2, helps transport CO2, and buffers the blood 462(1)

Connection The human fetus exchanges gases with the mother's bloodstream 463(1)

Chapter Review 464(2)

Circulation 466(18)

Essay How Does Gravity Affect Blood Circulation? 467(1)

Mechanisms of Internal Transport 468(2)

Circulatory systems facilitate exchange with all body tissues 468(1)

Evolution Connection Vertebrate cardiovascular systems reflect evolution 469(1)

The Human Cardiovascular System 470(9)

The human cardiovascular system illustrates the double circulation of mammals 470(1)

The heart contracts and relaxes rhythmically 471(1)

The pacemaker sets the tempo of the heartbeat 472(1)

Connection What is a heart attack? 473(1)

The structure of blood vessels fits their functions 474(1)

Blood pressure and velocity reflect the structure and arrangement of blood vessels 475(1)

Connection Measuring blood pressure can reveal cardiovascular problems 476(1)

Smooth muscle controls the distribution of blood 477(1)

Capillaries allow the transfer of substances through their walls 478(1)

Structure and Function of Blood 479(3)

Blood consists of red and white blood cells suspended in plasma 479(1)

Connection Too few or too many red blood cells can be unhealthy 480(1)

Blood clots plug leaks when blood vessels are injured 480(1)

Connection Stem cells offer a potential cure for blood cell diseases 481(1)

Chapter Review 482(2)

The Immune System 484(20)

Essay The Kissing Disease?!? 485(1)

Innate Defenses Against Infection 486(3)

Both invertebrates and vertebrates have innate defenses against infection 486(1)

The inflammatory response mobilizes innate defenses 487(1)

The lymphatic system becomes a crucial battleground during infection 488(1)

Acquired Immunity 489(11)

The acquired immune response counters specific invaders 489(1)

Lymphocytes mount a dual defense 490(1)

Antigens have specific regions where antibodies bind to them 491(1)

Clonal selection musters defensive forces against specific antigens 492(2)

Antibodies are the weapons of the humoral immune response 494(1)

Antibodies mark antigens for elimination 495(1)

Connection Monoclonal antibodies are powerful tools in the lab and clinic 496(1)

Helper T cells stimulate the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses 497(1)

Cytotoxic T cells destroy infected body cells 498(1)

Connection HIV destroys helper T cells, compromising the body's defenses 498(1)

Evolution Connection The rapid evolution of HIV complicates AIDS treatment 499(1)

The immune system depends on our molecular fingerprints 500(1)

Disorders of the Immune System 500(2)

Connection Malfunction or failure of the immune system causes disease 500(1)

Connection Allergies are overreactions to certain environmental antigens 501(1)

Chapter Review 502(2)

Control of Body Temperature and Water Balance 504(12)

Essay Chilling Out 505(1)

Thermoregulation 506(2)

An animal's regulation of body temperature helps maintain homeostasis 506(1)

Heat is gained or lost in four ways 506(1)

Thermoregulation involves adaptations that balance heat gain and loss 506(2)

Osmoregulation and Excretion 508(6)

Animals balance the gain and loss of water and solutes through osmoregulation 508(1)

Evolution Connection A variety of ways to dispose of nitrogenous wastes have evolved in animals 509(1)

The urinary system plays several major roles in homeostasis 510(1)

Overview: The key processes of the urinary system are filtration, reabsorption, secretion, and excretion 511(1)

Blood filtrate is refined to urine through reabsorption and secretion 512(1)

Connection Sidney dialysis can be a lifesaver 513(1)

Chapter Review 514(2)

Hormones and the Endocrine System 516(16)

Essay Gender Benders 517(1)

The Nature of Chemical Regulation 518(2)

Chemical signals coordinate body functions 518(1)

Hormones affect target cells by two main signaling mechanisms 519(1)

The Vertebrate Endocrine System 520(4)

Overview: The vertebrate endocrine system consists of more than a dozen major glands 520(2)

The hypothalamus, which is closely tied to the pituitary, connects the nervous and endocrine systems 522(2)

Hormones and Homeostasis 524(6)

The thyroid regulates development and metabolism 524(1)

Hormones from the thyroid and parathyroids maintain calcium homeostasis 524(2)

Pancreatic hormones regulate blood glucose levels 526(1)

Connection Diabetes is a common endocrine disorder 527(1)

The adrenal glands mobilize responses to stress 528(1)

The gonads secrete sex hormones 529(1)

Evolution Connection A single hormone can perform a variety of functions in different animals 530(1)

Chapter Review 530(2)

Reproduction and Embryonic Development 532(30)

Essay Baby Bonanza 532(2)

Asexual and Sexual Reproduction 534(2)

Asexual reproduction results in the generation of genetically identical offspring 534(1)

Sexual reproduction results in the generation of genetically unique offspring 534(2)

Human Reproduction 536(10)

Reproductive anatomy of the human female 536(2)

Reproductive anatomy of the human male 538(2)

The formation of sperm and egg requires meiosis 540(2)

Hormones synchronize cyclic changes in the ovary and uterus 542(2)

Connection Sexual activity can transmit disease 544(1)

Connection Contraception can prevent unwanted pregnancy 545(1)

Principles of Embryonic Development 546(8)

Fertilization results in a zygote and triggers embryonic development 546(2)

Cleavage produces a ball of cells from the zygote 548(1)

Gastrulation produces a three-layered embryo 548(2)

Organs start to form after gastrulation 550(2)

Multiple processes give form to the developing animal 552(1)

Evolution Connection Pattern formation during embryonic development is controlled by ancient genes 552(2)

Human Development 554(6)

The embryo and placenta take shape during the first month of pregnancy 554(2)

Human development from conception to birth is divided into three trimesters 556(2)

Childbirth is hormonally induced and occurs in three stages 558(1)

Connection Reproductive technology increases our reproductive options 559(1)

Chapter Review 560(2)

Nervous Systems 562(24)

Essay Can an Injured Spinal Cord Be Fixed? 563(1)

Nervous System Structure and Function 564(2)

Nervous systems receive sensory input, interpret it, and send out appropriate commands 564(1)

Neurons are the functional units of nervous systems 565(1)

Nerve Signals and Their Transmission 566(6)

A neuron maintains a membrane potential across its membrane 566(1)

A nerve signal begins as a change in the membrane potential 566(2)

The action potential propagates itself along the neuron 568(1)

Neurons communicate at synapses 569(1)

Chemical synapses make complex information processing possible 570(1)

A variety of small molecules function as neurotransmitters 570(1)

Connection Many drugs act at chemical synapses 571(1)

An Overview of Animal Nervous Systems 572(4)

Evolution Connection The evolution of animal nervous systems reflects changes in body symmetry 572(1)

Vertebrate nervous systems are highly centralized and cephalized 573(1)

The peripheral nervous system of vertebrates is a functional hierarchy 574(1)

Opposing actions of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons regulate the internal environment 574(2)

The vertebrate brain develops from three anterior bulges of the neural tube 576(1)

The Human Brain 576(8)

The structure of a living supercomputer: The human brain 576(2)

The cerebral cortex is a mosaic of specialized, interactive regions 578(1)

Connection Injuries and brain operations provide insight into brain function 579(1)

Connection fMRI scans can provide insight into brain structure and function 580(1)

Several parts of the brain regulate sleep and arousal 580(1)

The limbic system is involved in emotions, memory, and learning 581(1)

Connection Changes in brain physiology can produce neurological disorders 582(2)

Chapter Review 584(2)

The Senses 586(16)

Essay Superhuman Senses 587(1)

Sensory Reception 588(4)

Sensory inputs become sensations and perceptions in the brain 588(1)

Sensory receptors convert stimulus energy to action potentials 588(2)

Specialized sensory receptors detect five categories of stimuli 590(2)

Hearing and Balance 592(3)

The ear converts air pressure waves to action potentials that are perceived as sound 592(2)

The inner ear houses our organs of balance 594(1)

Connection What causes motion sickness? 594(1)

Vision 595(4)

Evolution Connection Several types of eyes have evolved among animals 595(1)

Humans have single-lens eyes that focus by changing position or shape 596(1)

Connection Artificial lenses or surgery can correct focusing problems 597(1)

The human retina contains two types of photoreceptors: rods and cones 598(1)

Taste and Smell 599(1)

Taste and odor receptors detect chemicals present in solution or air 599(1)

Connection ``Supertasters'' have a heightened sense of taste 599(1)

Review: The central nervous system couples stimulus with response 600(1)

Chapter Review 600(2)

How Animals Move 602(18)

Essay Man versus Horse 602(2)

Movement and Locomotion 604(2)

Animals have evolved diverse means of locomotion 604(2)

Skeletal Support 606(5)

Skeletons function in support, movement, and protection 606(2)

Evolution Connection Vertebrate skeletons are variations on an ancient theme 608(1)

Bones are complex living organs 609(1)

Connection Healthy bones resist stress and heal from injuries 610(1)

Joints permit different types of movement 611(1)

Muscle Contraction and Movement 611(6)

The skeleton and muscles interact in movement 611(1)

Each muscle cell has its own contractile apparatus 612(1)

A muscle contracts when thin filaments slide across thick filaments 612(2)

Motor neurons stimulate muscle contraction 614(1)

Connection Aerobic respiration supplies most of the energy for exercise 615(1)

Connection Muscle fiber characteristics affect athletic performance 616(1)

Chapter Review 617(3)

Unit Six Plant: Form and Function

Plant Structure, Reproduction, and Development 620(22)

Essay Extreme Tree Climbing 621(1)

Plant Structure and Function 622(8)

Connection People have manipulated plant genetics since prehistoric times 622(1)

The two major groups of angiosperms are the monocots and the eudicots 623(1)

A typical plant body contains three basic organs: roots, stems, and leaves 624(1)

Many plants have modified roots, stems, and leaves 625(1)

Three tissue systems make up the plant body 626(2)

Plant cells and tissues are diverse in structure and function 628(2)

Plant Growth 630(4)

Primary growth lengthens roots and shoots 630(2)

Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants 632(2)

Reproduction of Flowering Plants 634(6)

The flower is the organ of sexual reproduction in angiosperms 634(1)

The development of pollen and ovules culminates in fertilization 634(2)

The ovule develops into a seed 636(1)

The ovary develops into a fruit 637(1)

Seed germination continues the life cycle 638(1)

Asexual reproduction produces plant clones 638(2)

Evolution Connection Evolutionary adaptations allow some trees to live very long lives 640(1)

Chapter Review 640(2)

Plant Nutrition and Transport 642(18)

Essay Planting Hope in the Wake of Katrina 643(1)

The Uptake and Transport of Plant Nutrients 644(6)

Plants acquire their nutrients from soil and air 644(1)

The plasma membranes of root cells control solute uptake 645(1)

Transpiration pulls water up xylem vessels 646(1)

Guard cells control transpiration 647(1)

Phloem transports sugars 648(2)

Plant Nutrients and the Soil 650(5)

Plant health depends on a complete diet of essential inorganic nutrients 650(1)

Connection Fertilizers can help prevent nutrient deficiencies 651(1)

Fertile soil supports plant growth 652(1)

Connection Soil conservation is essential to human life 653(1)

Connection Organic farmers follow principles of sustainable agriculture 654(1)

Connection Agricultural research is improving the yields and nutritional values of crops 654(1)

Plant Nutrition and Symbiosis 655(3)

Most plants depend on bacteria to supply nitrogen 655(1)

Evolution Connection Mutually beneficial relationships have evolved between plants and their symbionts 656(1)

The plant kingdom includes epiphytes, parasites, and carnivores 657(1)

Chapter Review 658(2)

Control Systems in Plants 660(20)

Essay What Are the Health Benefits of Soy? 661(1)

Plant Hormones 662(8)

Experiments on how plants turn toward light led to the discovery of a plant hormone 662(2)

Five major types of hormones regulate plant growth and development 664(1)

Auxin stimulates the elongation of cells in young shoots 664(2)

Cytokinins stimulate cell division 666(1)

Gibberellins affect stem elongation and have numerous other effects 666(1)

Abscisic acid inhibits many plant processes 667(1)

Ethylene triggers fruit ripening and other aging processes 668(1)

Connection Plant hormones have many agricultural uses 669(1)

Growth Responses and Biological Rhythms in Plants 670(4)

Tropisms orient plant growth toward or away from environmental stimuli 670(1)

Plants have internal clocks 671(1)

Plants mark the seasons by measuring photoperiod 672(1)

Phytochrome is a light detector that may help set the biological clock 673(1)

Talking About Science Joanne Chory studies the effects of light and hormones in the model plant Arabidopsis 674(1)

Plant Defenses 674(2)

Evolution Connection Defenses against herbivores and infectious microbes have evolved in plants 674(2)

Talking About Science Plant biochemist Eloy Rodriguez studies how animals use defensive chemicals made by plants 676(1)

Chapter Review 676(4)

Unit Seven Ecology

The Biosphere: An Introduction to Earth's Diverse Environments 680(20)

Essay Life from Top to Bottom 680(2)

The Biosphere 682(6)

Ecologists study how organisms interact with their environment at several levels 682(1)

Connection The science of ecology provides insight into environmental problems 683(1)

Physical and chemical factors influence life in the biosphere 684(1)

Evolution Connection Organisms are adapted to abiotic and biotic factors by natural selection 685(1)

Regional climate influences the distribution of terrestrial communities 686(2)

Aquatic Biomes 688(3)

Sunlight and substrate are key factors in the distribution of marine organisms 688(2)

Current, sunlight, and nutrients are important abiotic factors in freshwater biomes 690(1)

Terrestrial Biomes 691(7)

Terrestrial biomes reflect regional variations in climate 691(1)

Tropical forests cluster near the equator 692(1)

Savannas are grasslands with scattered trees 692(1)

Deserts are defined by their dryness 693(1)

Spiny shrubs dominate the chaparral 694(1)

Temperate grasslands include the North American prairie 694(1)

Broadleaf trees dominate temperate forests 695(1)

Coniferous forests are often dominated by a few species of trees 696(1)

Long, bitter-cold winters characterize the tundra 696(1)

The global water cycle connects aquatic and terrestrial biomes 697(1)

Chapter Review 698(2)

Behavioral Adaptations to the Environment 700(24)

Essay Of Mice and Monogamy 701(1)

The Scientific Study of Behavior 702(3)

Behavioral ecologists ask both proximate and ultimate questions 702(1)

Fixed action patterns are innate behaviors 702(2)

Behavior is the result of both genetic and environmental factors 704(1)

Learning 705(7)

Learning establishes specific links between experience and behavior 705(1)

Imprinting requires both innate behavior and experience 706(1)

Connection Imprinting poses problems and opportunities for conservation programs 707(1)

Animal movement may be a simple response to stimuli or require spatial learning 708(1)

Movements of animals may depend on internal maps 709(1)

Animals may learn to associate a stimulus or behavior with a response 710(1)

Social learning employs observation and imitation of others 710(1)

Problem-solving behavior relies on cognition 711(1)

Survival and Reproductive Success 712(5)

Behavioral ecologists use cost-benefit analysis in studying foraging 712(1)

Communication is an essential element of interactions between animals 713(1)

Mating behavior often includes elaborate courtship rituals 714(1)

Mating behaviors and parental care enhance reproductive success 715(1)

Connection Chemical pollutants can cause abnormal behavior 716(1)

Social Behavior and Sociobiology 717(5)

Sociology places social behavior in an evolutionary context 717(1)

Territorial behavior parcels out space and resources 717(1)

Agonistic behavior often resolves confrontations between competitors 718(1)

Dominance hierarchies are maintained by agonistic behavior 718(1)

Talking About Science Behavioral biologist Jane Goodall discusses dominance hierarchies and reconciliation behavior in chimpanzees 719(1)

Evolution Connection Altruistic acts can often be explained by the concept of inclusive fitness 720(1)

Human behavior is the result of both genetic and environmental factors 721(1)

Chapter Review 722(2)

Population Ecology 724(16)

Essay A Tale of Two Fishes 724(2)

Population Structure and Dynamics 726(8)

Population ecology is the study of how and why populations change 726(1)

Density and dispersion patterns are important population variables 726(1)

Life tables track survivorship in populations 727(1)

Idealized models predict patterns of population growth 728(2)

Multiple factors may limit population growth 730(1)

Some populations have ``boom-and-bust'' cycles 731(1)

Evolution Connection Evolution shapes life histories 732(1)

Connection Principles of population ecology have practical applications 733(1)

The Human Population 734(4)

The human population continues to increase, but the growth rate is slowing 734(2)

Connection Age structures reveal social and economic trends 736(1)

Connection An ecological footprint is a measure of resource consumption 736(2)

Chapter Review 738(2)

Communities and Ecosystems 740(22)

Essay Hungry Hippos 741(1)

Community Structure and Dynamics 742(10)

A community includes all the organisms inhabiting a particular area 742(1)

Interspecific interactions are fundamental to community structure 742(1)

Competition may occur when a shared resource is limited 743(1)

Mutualism benefits both partners 743(1)

Evolution Connection Predation leads to diverse adaptations in prey species 744(1)

Evolution Connection Herbivory leads to diverse adaptations in plants 744(1)

Parasites and pathogens can affect community composition 745(1)

Trophic structure is a key factor in community dynamics 746(1)

Food chains interconnect, forming food webs 747(1)

Species diversity includes relative abundance and species richness 748(1)

Keystone species have a disproportionate impact on diversity 749(1)

Disturbance is a prominent feature of most communities 750(1)

Connection Invasive species can devastate communities 751(1)

Ecosystem Structure and Dynamics 752(8)

Ecosystem ecology emphasizes energy flow and chemical cycling 752(1)

Primary production sets the energy budget for ecosystems 752(1)

Energy supply limits the length of food chains 753(1)

Connection A production pyramid explains why meat is a luxury for humans 754(1)

Chemicals are cycled between organic matter and abiotic reservoirs 754(1)

The carbon cycle depends on photosynthesis and respiration 755(1)

The phosphorus cycle depends on the weathering of rock 756(1)

The nitrogen cycle depends on bacteria 756(2)

Connection Ecosystem alteration can upset chemical cycling 758(1)

Talking About Science David Schindler talks about the effects of nutrients on freshwater ecosystems 759(1)

Chapter Review 760(2)

Conservation Biology 762(1)

Essay Saving the Tiger 763(1)

The Biodiversity Crisis 764(8)

Biodiversity is a vital resource that is being lost 764(1)

Biodiversity includes genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity 765(1)

Habitat destruction, invasive species, and overexploitation are major threats to biodiversity 766(1)

Connection Pollution of the environment compounds our impact on other species 767(1)

Connection Rapid warming is changing the global climate 768(1)

Connection Human activities are responsible for rising concentrations of greenhouse gases 769(1)

Global climate change affects biomes, ecosystems, communities, and populations 770(1)

Evolution Connection Global climate change is an agent of natural selection 771(1)

Conservation Biology and Restoration Ecology 772(8)

Protecting endangered populations is one goal of conservation biology 772(1)

Sustaining ecosystems and landscapes is a conservation priority 773(1)

Protected areas are established to slow the loss of biodiversity 774(1)

Zoned reserves are an attempt to reverse ecosystem disruption 775(1)

Connection The Yellowstone to Yukon Conservation Initiative seeks to preserve biodiversity by connecting protected areas 776(2)

Connection The study of how to restore degraded habitats is a developing science 778(1)

Sustainable development is an ultimate goal 779(1)

Chapter Review 780
Appendix 1 Metric Conversion Table 1(1)
Appendix 2 The Periodic Table 2(1)
Appendix 3 The Amino Acids of Proteins 3(1)
Appendix 4 Chapter Review Answers 4(24)
Appendix 5 Student Media Activities 28(11)
Appendix 6 Credits 39
Glossary 1(1)
Index 1