简介
Now acknowledged as a classic in the philosophy of science, A Realist Theory of Scienceis one of the very few books which has transformed, not only our understanding of science, but that of the nature of the world it studies. Since its original publication in 1975, this book has inspired the multi-disciplinary and international movemen... more 籺 of thought known as 'critical realism'; and its ideas have been influential across the whole spectrum of the sciences, arts and humanities and in a diverse array of social practices and professions. In this book, Roy Bhaskar sets out to revindicate ontology, critiquing the reduction of being in favor of knowledge, which he calls the "epistemic fallacy". Employing a transcendental argument from the nature of experimental activity, he establishes a critique of the dominant positivist and neo-Kantian traditions in the philosophy of science, developing a new ontology in which concepts of structure, difference and change come to the fore. Then, analyzing the nature of scientific discovery and development, he shows how, against both the empiricist and rationalist traditions, science can come to have a posteriori knowledge of natural necessity. The resultant position, which the author characterizes as transcendental realism, has the power to resolve many traditional philosophical problems, such as the problem of induction. At the same time it lays the basis for radically new accounts of social science, ethics and the project of human emancipation. ?less
目录
Introduction
Preface p. 6
Preface to the Second Edition p. 11
Introduction p. 12
Philosophy and Scientific Realism p. 21
Two Sides of 'Knowledge' p. 21
Three Traditions in the Philosophy of Science p. 24
The Transcendental Analysis of Experience p. 30
The Analysis of Perception p. 31
The Analysis of Experimental Activity p. 33
The Status of Ontology and Its Dissolution in Classical Philosophy p. 36
Ontology Vindicated and The Real Basis of Causal Laws p. 45
A Sketch of a Critique of Empirical Realism p. 56
Actualism and the Concept of a Closure p. 63
Introduction: On the Actuality of the Causal Connection p. 63
Regularity Determinism and the Quest for a Closure p. 69
The Classical Paradigm of Action p. 79
Actualism and Transcendental Realism: The Interpretation of Normic Statements p. 91
Autonomy and Reduction p. 105
Explanation in Open Systems p. 118
Orthodox Philosophy of Science and the Implications of Open Systems p. 127
The Logic of Scientific Discovery p. 143
Introduction: On the Contingency of the Causal Connection p. 143
The Surplus-Element in the Analysis of Law-like Statements'. A Critique of the Theory of Models p. 148
Natural Necessity and Natural Kinds: The Stratification of Nature and The Stratification of Science p. 163
The Social Production of Knowledge by Means of Knowledge p. 185
Objections to the Account of Natural Necessity Proposed p. 199
The Problem of Induction p. 215
Natural Tendencies and Causal Powers p. 229
Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Science p. 239
Postscript to the Second Edition p. 251
Bibliography p. 263
Index of names p. 273
Index of subjects p. 275
Preface p. 6
Preface to the Second Edition p. 11
Introduction p. 12
Philosophy and Scientific Realism p. 21
Two Sides of 'Knowledge' p. 21
Three Traditions in the Philosophy of Science p. 24
The Transcendental Analysis of Experience p. 30
The Analysis of Perception p. 31
The Analysis of Experimental Activity p. 33
The Status of Ontology and Its Dissolution in Classical Philosophy p. 36
Ontology Vindicated and The Real Basis of Causal Laws p. 45
A Sketch of a Critique of Empirical Realism p. 56
Actualism and the Concept of a Closure p. 63
Introduction: On the Actuality of the Causal Connection p. 63
Regularity Determinism and the Quest for a Closure p. 69
The Classical Paradigm of Action p. 79
Actualism and Transcendental Realism: The Interpretation of Normic Statements p. 91
Autonomy and Reduction p. 105
Explanation in Open Systems p. 118
Orthodox Philosophy of Science and the Implications of Open Systems p. 127
The Logic of Scientific Discovery p. 143
Introduction: On the Contingency of the Causal Connection p. 143
The Surplus-Element in the Analysis of Law-like Statements'. A Critique of the Theory of Models p. 148
Natural Necessity and Natural Kinds: The Stratification of Nature and The Stratification of Science p. 163
The Social Production of Knowledge by Means of Knowledge p. 185
Objections to the Account of Natural Necessity Proposed p. 199
The Problem of Induction p. 215
Natural Tendencies and Causal Powers p. 229
Metaphysics and the Philosophy of Science p. 239
Postscript to the Second Edition p. 251
Bibliography p. 263
Index of names p. 273
Index of subjects p. 275
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