Table Of Contents:
Acknowledgments and Illustration Credits v
Summary Table of Contents ix
Detailed Table of Contents xv

Table of Cases xxix

Table of Restatement, UCC, CISG, and Unidroit Provisions xxxix

Chapter 1 Introduction 1(12)

§ 1 Overview 1(3)

§ 2 Sources of Contract Law and Authority 4(5)

§ 2.1 Judicial Opinions 5(1)

2.2 Restatements of the Law 5(2)

2.3 Statutory Law 7(1)

§ 2.4 International Commercial Law and the CISG 8(1)

§ 3 Features of this Book 9(4)

Chapter 2 Consideration 13(104)

§ 1 Introduction 14(2)

§ 2 Consideration as Benefit or Detriment 16(17)

Appeal of Clark 16(5)

Dougherty v. Salt 21(2)

Food for Thought: Why is Consideration Required? 23(1)

Hamer v. Sidway (I) 23(6)

Homer v. Sidway (II) 29(4)

§ 3 Consideration as Bargain 33(29)

Baehr v. Penn-O-Tex Oil Corporation 33(4)

United States v. Meadors 37(9)

Restatement (Second) §§ 71, 81 46(2)

Tomczak v. Koochiching County Highway Department 48(4)

Pennsy Supply, Inc. v. American Ash Recycling Corporation 52(8)

FYI: Scope of Article 2 and the CISG 60(1)

Problems 61(1)

§ 5 Refining the Requirement of Consideration 62(25)

Batsakis v. Demotsis 62(4)

Schnell v. Nell 66(3)

Dyer v. National By-Products, Inc 69(6)

Food for Thought: Disputed Claim as Consideration 75(1)

Vassilkovska v. Woodfield Nissan, Inc 76(8)

Practice Pointer: Illusory Promises and the Special Problem of Termination Clauses 84(2)

Problems 86(1)

§ 6 Contract Modification and the Pre-Existing Duty Rule 87(18)

Birdsall v. Saucier 89(6)

Angel v. Murray 95(7)

Restatement (Second) §§ 73, 89 102(1)

UCC § 2-209 102(1)

CISG Art. 29 103(1)

FYI: Waiver 104(1)

Problems 104(1)

7 Stretching the Limits of Consideration Doctrine 105(9)

Lawrence v. Ingham County Health Department Family Planning/Pre-Natal Clinic 106(7)

Food for Thought: Contractual Liability in Doctor-Patient Relationships 113(1)

§ 8 Review Exercise: Consideration 114(3)

Chapter 3 Alternatives to Consideration 117(80)

§ 1 Introduction 118(2)

FYI: An Introduction to Contract Damages 118(2)

§ 2 Promissory Estoppel 120(34)

Restatement § 90 123(1)

Restatement (Second) § 90 123(1)

Food for Thought: Unpublished Opinions 124(2)

Conrad v. Fields 126(5)

FYI: History of Equity 131(2)

Hayes v. Plantations Steel Company 133(5)

Ramone v. Lang 138(10)

In re Field's Estate 148(5)

Food for Thought: The Future of Promissory Estoppel 153(1)

§ 3 Promise for Benefit Already Received 154(15)

Drake v. Bell 154(4)

Webb v. McGowin 158(6)

Restatement (Second) §§ 82, 83, 85, 86, 93 164(2)

Problems 166(3)

§ 4 Liability for Restitution 169(28)

Nursing Care Services, Inc. v. Dobos 171(3)

In re Estate of Cleveland v. Gorden 174(5)

Lucent Technologies, Inc., v. Mid-West Electronics, Inc 179(8)

Brady v. State of Alaska 187(6)

Problems 193(4)

Chapter 4 Manifestation of Mutual Assent 197(180)

§ 1 Introduction 199(2)

§ 2 Should Mutual Assent Be Judged Objectively or Subjectively? 201(10)

Lucy v. Zehmer 201(9)

Food for Thought: Two Ships Named "Peerless" and the Absence of Objective Meaning 210(1)

§ 3 Assent to Indefinite or Incomplete Agreements 211(40)

Quake Construction v. American Airlines 212(9)

FYI: The Pennzoil Case 221(1)

Academy Chicago Publishers v. Cheever 222(6)

B. Lewis Productions, Inc. v. Angelou 228(11)

Food for Thought: Indefinite or Incomplete Agreements 239(3)

Sun Printing & Publishing Ass'n v. Remington Paper & Power Co 242(7)

Food for Thought: The Impact of Jurisprudential Philosophy 249(1)

Problems 250(1)

§ 4 Mutual Assent by Offer and Acceptance 251(123)

§ 4.1 Defining "Offer" 252(1)

§ 4.1.1 Distinguishing Offers from Preliminary Negotiations 253(4)

§ 4.1.2 Advertisements and Rewards 257(1)

Lefkowitz v. Great Minneapolis Surplus Store 257(4)

Leonard v. Pepsico, Inc 261(15)

§ 4.1.3 Price Quotations 276(1)

Nordyne, Inc. v. International Controls & Measurements Corp 276(5)

§ 4.1.4 The Bidding Process: RFPs, RFBs, and RFQs 281(3)

Problems: Was an Offer Made? 284(2)

§ 4.2 Defining "Acceptance" 286(1)

§ 4.2.1 Distinguishing between Acceptance and Counter-offer 287(1)

Restatement (Second) §§ 39, 50 287(1)

CISG Art. 19; UNIDROIT Art. 2.1.11 288(1)

Ardente v. Horan 289(3)

Problems: Acceptance or Counter-offer? 292(1)

§ 4.2.2 The Mirror Image Rule 292(2)

Rhode Island Dept. of Transp. v. Providence & Worcester R.R. 294(6)

Problem: Applying the Mirror Image Rule 300(1)

§ 4.2.3 UCC Article 2 Abandons the Mirror Image Rule 301(2)

§ 4.2.3.1 Contract Formation under UCC § 2-207 303(1)

UCC § 2-207. Additional Terms in Acceptance 303(3)

Problem: Putting UCC § 2-207 into a Flowchart 306(1)

C. Itoh & Co. v. The Jordan International Co. [Part 1] 307(5)

Problems: Contract Formation under § 2-207 312(2)

§ 4.2.3.2 Contract Terms under UCC § 2-207 314(1)

UCC § 2-207. Additional Terms in Acceptance 314(3)

C. Itoh & Co. v. The Jordan International Co. [Part 2] 317(3)

Problem: Refining the Flowchart of UCC § 2-207 320(1)

Problems: Contracts and Their Terms under UCC § 2-207 320(2)

CISG Art 19; UNIDROIT Arts. 2.1.11, 2.1.20, 2.1.22 322(1)

§ 4.2.3.3 Contract Confirmations under UCC § 2-207 323(1)

UCC § 2-207. Additional Terms in Acceptance or Confirmation 323(1)

Food for Thought: Which UCC Sections Should be Applied by Analogy? 324(1)

§ 4.2.4 Which Manner of Acceptance is Effective? 325(1)

UCC § 2-206 326(1)

Restatement (Second) § 30 326(1)

CISG Art. 18; UNIDROIT Arts. 2.1, 2.1.6 326(1)

§ 4.2.4.1 Acceptance by Promise or by Performance: Bilateral and Unilateral Contracts 327(2)

Restatement (Second) § 32, 62 329(1)

Restatement (Second) § 45 330(1)

§ 4.2.4.2 Acceptance by Conduct or by Inaction 331(1)

Restatement (Second) § 69 331(1)

CISG Art. 18, UNIDROIT Art. 2.1.6 332(1)

Houston Dairy, Inc. v. John Hancock Mutual Life Ins. Co 333(4)

FYI: Unsolicited Merchandise and Negative Options 337(2)

Problems: Acceptance by Silence or Inaction 339(1)

§ 4.2.4.3 Electronic Offer and Acceptance 340(1)

Problems: Acceptance in Electronic Agreements 341(1)

§ 4.2.5 Time of Effectiveness of Acceptance: The Mailbox Rule 342(1)

Restatement (Second) §§ 63, 66 342(1)

UETA § 15 343(1)

Problems: The Mailbox Rule 344(2)

Food for Thought: Should Electronic Communications be Governed by the Mailbox Rule? 346(1)

§ 4.2.6 Must the Offeree Notify the Offeror of Acceptance? 347(1)

UCC § 2-206 348(1)

Problem: Notification of Acceptance 348(1)

§ 4.3 Terminating the Power of Acceptance 349(1)

Restatement (Second) §§ 35, 36 349(1)

§ 4.3.1 Death or Incapacity of Offeror or Offeree 350(1)

Problem: Death of Offeror 350(1)

§ 4.3.2 Lapse of Offer 351(1)

Restatement (Second) § 41 351(1)

CISG Art. 18, 21; UNIDROIT Arts. 2.1.7, 2.1.8, 2.1.9 351(1)

§ 4.3.3 Rejection by the Offeree 352(1)

Restatement (Second) §§ 38, 39 353(1)

§ 4.3.4 Revocation by the Offeror 354(1)

Restatement (Second) §§ 42, 43, 46 354(1)

Problems: Terminating the Power of Acceptance 355(1)

§ 4.3.4.1 Which Offers are Irrevocable? 356(2)

Pavel Enterprises, Inc. v. A.S. Johnson Co 358(14)

Practice Pointer: Bid Bonds 372(1)

Food for Thought: Making Bids Irrevocable 373(1)

Problems: Irrevocable Offers 373(1)

§ 5 Review Exercise: Manifestation of Mutual Assent 374(3)

Chapter 5 Defenses to Contract Enforcement 377(178)

§ 1 Introduction 379(1)

2 Defenses Related to Defects in Mutual Assent 380(116)

§ 2.1 Mistake 381(1)

2.1.1 Mutual Mistake 381(1)

Wood v. Boynton 381(5)

Lenawee Cnty Bd. of Health v. Messerly 386(9)

§ 2.1.2 Unilateral Mistake 395(1)

Wil-Fred's Inc. v. Metropolitan Sanitary District 395(10)

Restatement (Second) §§ 153, 154 405(1)

Problems 406(1)

§ 2.2 Misrepresentation 407(1)

UNIDROIT § 3.8 408(1)

Barrer v. Women's National Bank 409(12)

Restatement (Second) § 162 421(1)

Kannavos v. Annino 422(6)

FYI: Unfair or Deceptive Acts or Practices (UDAP) 428(1)

Problems 429(1)

§ 2.3 Duress and Undue Influence 430(1)

§ 2.3.1 Duress 430(1)

Restatement (Second) §§ 174, 175, 176 431(1)

UNIDROIT Art. 3.9 432(1)

Holler v. Holler 432(5)

Food for Thought: A Distinguishable Case? 437(1)

Totem Marine Tug & Barge, Inc. v. Alyeska Pipeline Service Co. 438(9)

Food for Thought: Expansion of the Duress Defense? 447(1)

§ 2.3.2 Undue Influence 448(1)

Restatement (Second) § 177 448(1)

Odorizzi v. Bloomfield School District 448(9)

§ 2.4 Unconscionability 457(1)

Williams v. Walker-Thomas Furniture Co 458(8)

§ 2.4.1 Codincations of the Unconscionability Defense 466(2)

UCC § 2-302 468(1)

Restatement (Second) § 208 468(1)

UNIDROIT Art. 3.10 469(1)

§ 2.4.2 Substantive and Procedural Unconscionability 470(1)

Sitogum Holdings, Inc. v. Ropes 470(10)

American Software, Inc. v. Ali 480(6)

In re RealNetworks, Inc., Privacy Litigation 486(4)

Food for Thought: Agreements to Arbitrate and Varying Unconscionability Standards 490(3)

Problem 493(1)

Food for Thought: Regulatory Alternatives to Unconscionability 494(2)

§ 3 Defenses Based on Lack of Capacity to Contract 496(29)

Restatement (Second) § 12 497(1)

§ 3.1 Infancy Resulting in Incapacity 497(1)

Restatement (Second) § 14 497(2)

Webster Street Partnership, Ltd. v. Sheridan 499(7)

Halbman v. Lemke 506(6)

§ 3.2 Mental Illness or Defect 512(2)

Restatement (Second) § 15 514(1)

Ortelere v. Teachers' Retirement Board 515(10)

§ 3.3 Intoxication 525(1)

Restatement (Second) § 16 525(1)

§ 4 Violation of Public Policy 525(30)

Restatement (Second) § 178 527(1)

Tunkl v. Regents of the University of California 528(7)

Johnson v. Calvert 535(18)

FYI: Surrogacy Contracts in Flux 553(2)

Chapter 6 Statute of Frauds 555(34)

§ 1 Introduction 556(4)

§ 2 Manner and Effect of Invoking the Statute of Frauds 560(1)

§ 3 Is the Contract within the Class of Contracts Covered by the Statute of Frauds? 561(4)

Restatement (Second) § 110 562(1)

UCC § 2-201 562(2)

Think About It: Statute of Frauds One-Year Provision 564(1)

§ 4 Is there a Writing that Satisfies the Statute of Frauds? 565(15)

§ 4.1 General Requirements for the Writing 565(1)

Problem: What Kind of Writing is Required? (I) 565(1)

Restatement (Second) §§ 131, 133, 134, 136, 137 565(2)

UCC §§ 2-201; 1-201(37), (43) 567(1)

Problem: What Kind of Writing is Required? (II) 568(1)

§ 4.2 Writing or Writings? 569(1)

Owen v. Hendricks 569(4)

Crabtree v. Elizabeth Arden Sales Corporation 573(5)

§ 4.3 The Statute of Frauds in Electronic Commerce 578(2)

§ 5 Does the Agreement Fall Within an Exception to the Writing Requirement? 580(9)

§ 5.1 Contracts for the Sale of Goods 580(1)

UCC § 2-201 581(1)

§ 5.2 Part Performance Exception 582(2)

§ 5.3 Equitable and Promissory Estoppel 584(1)

Restatement (Second) § 139 585(1)

Problems 586(3)

Chapter 7 Content and Meaning of the Contract 589(188)

§ 1 Introduction 591(1)

§ 2 Interpreting Express Contract Terms 591(48)

§ 2.1 A Case Study in Interpretation 592(1)

Frigaliment Importing Co. v. B.N.S. International Sales Corp 593(6)

UCC § 1-303 599(1)

§ 2.2 Canons of Construction 600(4)

Klapp v. United Insurance Group Agency 604(11)

§ 2.3 "Four Corners" vs. Context Approach 615(1)

C. & A. Construction Co. v. Benning Construction Co 616(7)

Pacific Gas & Electric Co. v. G.W. Thomas Drayage & Rigging Co 623(7)

§ 2.4 Stretching the Limits of Interpretation: Contracts and Commercial Context under the UCC 630(1)

Nanakuli Paving & Rock Co. v. Shell Oil Co 631(8)

§ 3 The Parol Evidence Rule 639(31)

§ 3.1 The Effect of the Parol Evidence Rule 640(2)

§ 3.2 "Exceptions" to the Parol Evidence Rule: When the Parol Evidence Rule Does Not Apply 642(3)

Practice Pointer: Is Course of Performance Evidence Always Admissible? 645(1)

§ 3.2.1 Collateral Agreements 645(1)

Lee v. Joseph E. Seagram & Sons, Inc 646(6)

§ 3.3 Is the Written Contract Partially or Completely Integrated? 652(1)

Middletown Concrete Products, Inc. v. Black Clawson Co 653(9)

Sierra Diesel Injection Service, Inc. v. Burroughs Corp., Inc 662(4)

Problems 666(4)

§ 4 Implied Contract Terms and Provisions 670(63)

§ 4.1 Terms Implied from the Circumstances 670(2)

Fisher v. Congregation B'nai Yitzhok 672(4)

First National Bank of Lawrence v. Methodist Home for the Aged 676(6)

Wood v. Lacy, Lady Duff-Gordon 682(2)

§ 4.2 Duty of Good Faith 684(2)

§ 4.2.1 Application of the Requirement of Good Faith in Performance or Enforcement 686(1)

Market Street Associates Limited Partnership v. Frey 687(11)

§ 4.2.2 Implied Duty of Good Faith in Requirements and Output Contracts 698(1)

Feld v. Henry S. Levy & Sons, Inc 699(3)

Eastern Air Lines v. Gulf Oil Corporation 702(6)

FYI: Good Faith and "Unreasonably Disproportionate" Quantities 708(1)

§ 4.2.3 Implied Duty of Good Faith in Exercising Termination Rights 709(1)

Corenswet, Inc. v. Amana Refrigeration, Inc 710(8)

Bak-A-Lum Corporation of America v. Alcoa Building Products, Inc 718(3)

Baker v. Ratzlaff 721(4)

§ 4.3 Duty of Best Efforts 725(1)

UCC § 2-306 726(1)

Bloor v. Falstaff Brewing Corporation 727(6)

§ 5 Express Conditions 733(44)

§ 5.1 Identifying and Enforcing Express Conditions 735(1)

Morrison v. Bare 735(7)

Internatio-Rotterdam, Inc. v. River Brand Rice Mills, Inc 742(3)

Peacock Construction Co. v. Modern Air Conditioning, Inc 745(3)

§ 5.2 Conditions of Satisfaction 748(1)

Hutton v. Monograms Plus, Inc 749(10)

Morin Building Products Company, Inc. v. Baystone Construction, Inc 759(4)

§ 5.3 Waiver and Excuse of Conditions 763(1)

Burger King Corp. v. Family Dining, Inc 764(13)

Chapter 8 Performance, Breach, and Excuse 777(138)

§ 1 Introduction 779(1)

§ 2 Categories of Implied Conditions 779(5)

Kingston v. Preston 781(2)

Problems 783(1)

§ 3 Performance and Breach under the Common Law 784(42)

§ 3.1 Implied Conditions and Performance Responsibilities 784(1)

Jacob & Youngs v. Kent 785(8)

§ 3.2 Substantial Performance or Material Breach? 793(1)

Roberts Contracting Co. v. Valentine-Wooten Road Public Facility Bd 794(7)

Khiterer v. Bell 801(5)

Problems 806(1)

§ 3.3 Partial or Total Breach? 807(1)

Restatement (Second) § 242 808(1)

Sackett v. Spindler 809(6)

§ 3.4 The Complexities of Adjusting Performance after Breach 815(1)

K & G Construction Co. v. Harris 816(7)

Take Note: Divisible and Severable Contracts 823(3)

§ 4 Repudiation 826(26)

§ 4.1 Defining Repudiation (Renunciation) 826(1)

McCloskey & Co. v. Minweld Steel Co 827(5)

§ 4.2 Anticipatory Repudiation 832(1)

Hochster v. De la Tour 833(4)

UCC §§ 2-610, 2-611 837(1)

§ 4.3 Reasonable Insecurity about Future Performance 837(2)

UCC § 2-609 839(1)

Restatement (Second) § 251 840(1)

CISG Arts. 71, 72 840(1)

FYI: "Hedge-to-Arrive" Contracts 841(3)

Land O'Lakes, Inc. v. Hanig 844(7)

Problems 851(1)

§ 5 Performance and Breach under UCC Article 2 852(12)

UCC § 2-601 852(2)

UCC § 2-608 854(1)

UCC § 2-508 855(1)

UCC §§ 2-606, 2-607 856(2)

Ramirez v. Autosport 858(6)

Problem 864(1)

§ 6 Excuse Defenses: Impossibility, Impracticability, and Frustration of Purpose 864(51)

§ 6.1 Historical Background of the Excuse Defense 865(1)

Taylor v. Caldwell 866(3)

Unke v. Thorpe 869(5)

Krell v. Henry 874(6)

Adbar, L.C. v. New Beginnings C-Star 880(3)

§ 6.2 Impossibility Broadens into Impracticability 883(1)

Transatlantic Financing Corp. v. United States 884(5)

Northern Ind. Public Service Co. v. Carbon County Coal Co 889(7)

City of Vernon v. City of Los Angeles 896(9)

§ 6.3 Force Majeure Clauses 905(1)

§ 6.4 When do Courts Grant Excuse? 906(2)

§ 6.5 Codifications of the Excuse Defense 908(1)

UCC §§ 2-615, 2-616 909(1)

Restatement (Second) §§ 261, 265, 266 910(1)

UNIDROIT Art. 7.1.7 910(1)

Problem 911(4)

Chapter 9 Remedies 915(156)

§ 1. Overview 917(1)

§ 2 Remedies at Law (Damages) 918(132)

§ 2.1 Expectation Damages 920(1)

§ 2.1.1 Categories of Expectation Damages 921(1)

§ 2.1.2 Thinking Sensibly About Expectation Damages 922(1)

UNIDROIT Art. 7.4.2 923(1)

Problems: Determining Expectation Damages 923(2)

§ 2.1.3 Measuring Typical Direct Damages 925(2)

CISG Art. 75; UNIDROIT Art. 7.4.5 927(1)

§ 2.1.4 Special Problems in Measuring Direct Damages 928(1)

§ 2.1.4.1 Damages When There is no Market 928(1)

Sackett v. Spindler 928(4)

§ 2.1.4.2 Damages Resulting from Anticipatory Repudiation 932(1)

Cosden Oil & Chemical Co. v. Karl O. Helm Aktiengesellschaft 933(6)

§ 2.1.4.3 Owner's Cost to Complete versus Diminution in Value 939(1)

Jacob & Youngs v. Kent 940(2)

Khiterer v. Bell 942(1)

Lyon v. Belosky Construction, Inc 943(3)

Problem: Damages for Incomplete Performance 946(1)

Peevyhouse v. Garland Coal & Mining Co 947(9)

§ 2.1.4.4 Damages for "Lost Profits" and "Lost Volume" 956(1)

Neri v. Retail Marine Corp 957(4)

Vitex Mfg. Corp. v. Caribtex Corp 961(5)

§ 2.1.5 Indirect Expectation Damages 966(1)

§ 2.1.5.1 Incidental Damages 967(1)

UCC §§ 2-710, 2-715(1) 967(1)

Problem: Incidental Damages 967(1)

§ 2.1.5.2 Consequential Damages 968(1)

Hadley v. Baxendale 969(4)

Redgrave v. Boston Symphony Orchestra, Inc 973(12)

Kenford Co. v. County of Erie 985(3)

Think About it: Consequential Damages for New Businesses 988(2)

UCC § 2-715(2) 990(1)

CISG Art. 74; UNIDROIT Art. 7.4.4 991(1)

§ 2.1.6 Mitigation of Damages (Avoidable Damages) 991(1)

CISG Art. 77; UNIDROIT Art 7.4.8 992(1)

Sackett v. Spindler 993(2)

Parker v. Twentieth Century-Fox Film Corp 995(8)

§ 2.2 Reliance Damages 1003(2)

Security Stove & Mfg. Co. v. American Ry. Express Co 1005(5)

Goodman v. Dicker 1010(2)

§ 2.3 Restitution Damages 1012(1)

§ 2.3.1 Damages for the Party Who Materially Breaches 1013(1)

Lancellotti v. Thomas 1014(7)

Think About it: Measuring Restitution Damages 1021(1)

§ 2.3.2 Damages for the Aggrieved Party in a "Losing" Contract 1022(1)

United States v. Algernon Blair, Inc 1022(3)

§ 2.4 Agreed and Liquidated Damages 1025(1)

UCC § 2-718(1) 1026(1)

Restatement (Second) § 356 1026(1)

Wassenaar v. Panos 1027(10)

Food for Thought: The Theory of Efficient Breach 1037(2)

§ 2.5 Punitive Damages 1039(1)

Romero v. Mervyn's 1040(5)

Boise Dodge, Inc. v. Clark 1045(5)

§ 3 Equitable Remedies: The "Extraordinary Remedies" 1050(21)

§ 3.1 Specific Performance 1050(1)

Ammerman v. City Stores Co 1051(4)

Laclede Gas Co. v. Amoco Oil Co 1055(5)

Think About it: CISG Provisions on Specific Performance 1060(1)

CISG Arts. 42 & 62 1061(1)

§ 3.2 Prohibitory Injunction 1061(1)

American Broadcasting Companies v. Wolf 1062(8)

§ 3.3 Specific Restitution 1070(1)

Chapter 10 Third-Party Rights and Duties 1071(66)

§ 1 Introduction 1072(1)

§ 2 Assignment of Rights and Delegation of Duties 1072(32)

§ 2.1 Common Law Approach 1077(1)

British Waggon Co. v. Lea & Co 1078(4)

Crane Ice Cream v. Terminal Freezing & Heating Co 1082(7)

§ 2.2 UCC and Restatement Provisions 1089(1)

UCC § 2-210 1090(1)

Restatement (Second) §§ 317, 318, 322 1090(2)

§ 2.3 A Contemporary Case 1092(1)

Sally Beauty Co. v. Nexxus Products Co 1092(12)

§ 3 Third-Party Beneficiaries 1104(33)

§ 3.1 Common Law Roots of the Doctrine 1107(1)

Lawrence v. Fox 1107(6)

Seaver v. Ransom 1113(4)

§ 3.2 Third-Party Beneficiaries in the Restatements 1117(1)

Restatement § 133 1117(1)

Restatement (Second) §§ 302, 304, 315 1118(1)

UNIDROIT Arts. 5.2.1, 5.2.2 1119(1)

§ 3.3 Contemporary Cases 1119(1)

Cretex Companies v. Construction Leaders, Inc 1120(8)

Martinez v. Socoma Companies, Inc 1128(8)

Restatement (Second) § 313 1136(1)
Index 1137