Biological soil crusts : structure, function, and management /
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作 者：Jayne Belnap, Otto L. Lange (eds.)
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ISBN：9783540410751
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简介
In arid lands, where vegetation is sparse or absent, the open ground is not bare but generally covered by a community of small, highly specialized organisms. Cyanobacteria, algae, microfungi, lichens, and bryophytes aggregate soil particles to form a coherent skin - the biological soil crust. It stabilizes and protects the soil surface from erosion by wind and water, influences water runoff and infiltration, and contributes nitrogen and carbon to desert soils. Soil surface disturbance, such as heavy livestock grazing, human trampling or off-road vehicles, breaks up the fragile soil crust, thus compromising its stability, structure, and productivity. This book is the first synthesis of the biology of soil crusts and their importance as an ecosystem component. Composition and functioning of different soil-crust types are discussed, and case studies are used to show the impact of crusts on landscape hydrology, soil stability, nutrient cycles, and land management.
目录
Part I Taxonomic Composition, Ecology, and Biogeography of Soil-Crust Communities
1 Biological Soil Crusts: Characteristics and Distribution Jayne Belnap and Burkhard B眉del and Otto L. Lange p. 3
2 Biological Soil Crusts of North America Roger Rosentreter and Jayne Belnap p. 31
3 Biological Soil Crusts of South America Burkhard B眉del p. 51
4 Lichen-Rich Soil Crusts of Arctic Greenland Eric Steen Hansen p. 57
5 Biological Soil Crusts of the Subalpine, Alpine, and Nival Areas in the Alps Roman T眉rk and Georg G盲rtner p. 67
6 Biological Soil Crusts of European Temperate and Mediterranean Regions Burkhard B眉del p. 75
7 Biological Soil Crusts of Asia Including the Don and Volga Region Burkhard B眉del p. 87
8 Biological Soil Crusts of the Middle East Margalith Galun and Jacob Garty p. 95
9 Biological Soil Crusts of Africa Isolde Ullmann and Burkhard B眉del p. 107
10 Biological Soil Crusts of Australia David J. Eldridge p. 119
l1 Biological Soil Crusts of Antarctica T.G.Allan Green and Paul A. Broady p. 133
12 Synopsis: Comparative Biogeography and Ecology of Soil-Crust Biota Burkhard B眉del p. 141
Part II Heterotrophic Components of Biological Soil Crusts
13 Soil Fungi as Components of Biological Soil Crusts Jack S. States and Martha Christensen and Cecilia Lynn Kinter p. 155
14 Microbes and Microfauna Associated with Biological Soil Crusts Jayne Belnap p. 167
Part III Structure of Biological Soil Crusts: Microscale to Landscape
15 Comparative Structure of Physical and Biological Soil Crusts Jayne Belnap p. 177
16 Small Scale Environments and Distribution of Biological Soil Crusts Ferran Garcia-Pichel and Jayne Belnap p. 193
17 Ecological Determinants of Species Composition of Biological Soil Crusts on a Landscape Scale Isolde Ullmann and Burkhard B眉del p. 205
tPart IV Biological Soil Crusts as an Ecosystem Component: Carbon and Nitrogen Acquisition and Interaction with Vascular Plants
18 Photosynthesis of Soil-Crust Biota as Dependent on Environmental Factors Otto L. Lange p. 217
19 Factors Influencing Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogen Release in Biological Soil Crusts Jayne Belnap p. 243
20 Biological Soil Crusts and Ecosystem Nitrogen and Carbon Dynamics R. Dave Evans and Otto L. Lange p. 265
21 Influence of Biological Soil Crusts on Soil Environments and Vascular Plants Jayne Belnap and R眉diger Prasse and Kimball T. Harper p. 283
Part V Soil Stability and Hydrology as Influenced by Soil Crusts
22 Effects of Biological Soil Crusts on Water Redistribution in the Negev Desert, Israel: Case Study in Longitudinal Dunes Aaron Yair p. 305
23 Biological Soil Crusts and Water Relations in Australian Deserts David J. Eldridge p. 317
24 Biological Soil Crusts and Hydrology in North American Deserts Steven D.Warren p. 329
25 Biological Soil Crusts and Wind Erosion Jayne Belnap p. 341
26 Synopsis: Influence of Biological Soil Crusts on Arid Land Hydrology and Soil StabilitySteven D.Warren p. 351
Part VI Disturbance to Biological Soil Crusts: Resistance, Resilience, and Restoration
27 Disturbance and Recovery of Biological Soil Crusts Jayne Belnap and David J. Eldridge p. 365
28 Impacts of Fire on Biological Soil Crusts Jeffrey R. Johansen p. 387
Part VII Monitoring and Management of Biological Soil Crusts
29 Biological Soil Crusts and Livestock in Arid Ecosystems: Are they Compatible? Steven D.Warren and David J. Eldridge p. 403
30 Global Change and the Future of Biological Soil Crusts R. Dave Evans and Jayne Belnap and Ferran Garcia-Pichel and Susan L. Phillips p. 419
31 Remote Sensing of Biological Soil Crusts Arnon Karnieli and Raymond Kokaly and Neil E.West and Roger N. Clark p. 433
32 Monitoring and Management of Biological Soil Crusts Roger Rosentreter and David D. Eldridge and Julie H. Kaltenecker p. 459
Part VIII Conclusion
33 Structure and Functioning of Biological Soil Crusts: Synthesis Jayne Belnap and Otto L. Lange p. 473
Subject Index p. 483
Taxonomic Index p. 489
1 Biological Soil Crusts: Characteristics and Distribution Jayne Belnap and Burkhard B眉del and Otto L. Lange p. 3
2 Biological Soil Crusts of North America Roger Rosentreter and Jayne Belnap p. 31
3 Biological Soil Crusts of South America Burkhard B眉del p. 51
4 Lichen-Rich Soil Crusts of Arctic Greenland Eric Steen Hansen p. 57
5 Biological Soil Crusts of the Subalpine, Alpine, and Nival Areas in the Alps Roman T眉rk and Georg G盲rtner p. 67
6 Biological Soil Crusts of European Temperate and Mediterranean Regions Burkhard B眉del p. 75
7 Biological Soil Crusts of Asia Including the Don and Volga Region Burkhard B眉del p. 87
8 Biological Soil Crusts of the Middle East Margalith Galun and Jacob Garty p. 95
9 Biological Soil Crusts of Africa Isolde Ullmann and Burkhard B眉del p. 107
10 Biological Soil Crusts of Australia David J. Eldridge p. 119
l1 Biological Soil Crusts of Antarctica T.G.Allan Green and Paul A. Broady p. 133
12 Synopsis: Comparative Biogeography and Ecology of Soil-Crust Biota Burkhard B眉del p. 141
Part II Heterotrophic Components of Biological Soil Crusts
13 Soil Fungi as Components of Biological Soil Crusts Jack S. States and Martha Christensen and Cecilia Lynn Kinter p. 155
14 Microbes and Microfauna Associated with Biological Soil Crusts Jayne Belnap p. 167
Part III Structure of Biological Soil Crusts: Microscale to Landscape
15 Comparative Structure of Physical and Biological Soil Crusts Jayne Belnap p. 177
16 Small Scale Environments and Distribution of Biological Soil Crusts Ferran Garcia-Pichel and Jayne Belnap p. 193
17 Ecological Determinants of Species Composition of Biological Soil Crusts on a Landscape Scale Isolde Ullmann and Burkhard B眉del p. 205
tPart IV Biological Soil Crusts as an Ecosystem Component: Carbon and Nitrogen Acquisition and Interaction with Vascular Plants
18 Photosynthesis of Soil-Crust Biota as Dependent on Environmental Factors Otto L. Lange p. 217
19 Factors Influencing Nitrogen Fixation and Nitrogen Release in Biological Soil Crusts Jayne Belnap p. 243
20 Biological Soil Crusts and Ecosystem Nitrogen and Carbon Dynamics R. Dave Evans and Otto L. Lange p. 265
21 Influence of Biological Soil Crusts on Soil Environments and Vascular Plants Jayne Belnap and R眉diger Prasse and Kimball T. Harper p. 283
Part V Soil Stability and Hydrology as Influenced by Soil Crusts
22 Effects of Biological Soil Crusts on Water Redistribution in the Negev Desert, Israel: Case Study in Longitudinal Dunes Aaron Yair p. 305
23 Biological Soil Crusts and Water Relations in Australian Deserts David J. Eldridge p. 317
24 Biological Soil Crusts and Hydrology in North American Deserts Steven D.Warren p. 329
25 Biological Soil Crusts and Wind Erosion Jayne Belnap p. 341
26 Synopsis: Influence of Biological Soil Crusts on Arid Land Hydrology and Soil StabilitySteven D.Warren p. 351
Part VI Disturbance to Biological Soil Crusts: Resistance, Resilience, and Restoration
27 Disturbance and Recovery of Biological Soil Crusts Jayne Belnap and David J. Eldridge p. 365
28 Impacts of Fire on Biological Soil Crusts Jeffrey R. Johansen p. 387
Part VII Monitoring and Management of Biological Soil Crusts
29 Biological Soil Crusts and Livestock in Arid Ecosystems: Are they Compatible? Steven D.Warren and David J. Eldridge p. 403
30 Global Change and the Future of Biological Soil Crusts R. Dave Evans and Jayne Belnap and Ferran Garcia-Pichel and Susan L. Phillips p. 419
31 Remote Sensing of Biological Soil Crusts Arnon Karnieli and Raymond Kokaly and Neil E.West and Roger N. Clark p. 433
32 Monitoring and Management of Biological Soil Crusts Roger Rosentreter and David D. Eldridge and Julie H. Kaltenecker p. 459
Part VIII Conclusion
33 Structure and Functioning of Biological Soil Crusts: Synthesis Jayne Belnap and Otto L. Lange p. 473
Subject Index p. 483
Taxonomic Index p. 489
Biological soil crusts : structure, function, and management /
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