Book Cover 1
Half-Title 2
Title 4
Copyright 5
Contents 6
Illustrations 8
Contributors 11
Preface 13
Acknowledgements 16
Abbreviations 17
Introduction 18
Authoritarianism and Westernization 19
A divided middle class 20
The banned ulema 22
Overview of the book 24
Conclusion 28
Notes 29
1 Ottoman sources of Kemalist thought 30
Secularism 32
Nationalism 34
How does Kemalist nationalism fit into this picture? 36
Reformism 38
Populism and etatism 38
Notes 41
2 Blueprints for a future society 44
The impact of German popular materialism after Feuerbach on late Ottoman materialism 45
Science reigns supreme: Besir Fu\u2019ad Bey 49
Besir Fu\u2019ad and the implications of Vulgarmaterialismus for literature 52
Besir Fu\u2019ad and the popularization of science in the Ottoman Empire 54
A materialist mujtahid: Doctor Abdullah Cevdet 54
Abdullah Cevdet on literature, poetry, and science 59
Abdullah Cevdet\u2019s attempt to fuse materialism with Islam 64
Alternatives to orthodox Islam in fusing religion and materialism 76
Vulgarmaterialismus as the philosophy of the future: Baha Tevfik Bey 82
Baha Tevfik and the limits of science 86
Baha Tevfik on literature 90
Baha Tevfik and the ethical foundations of the future society 93
Conclusion: the legacy of late Ottoman materialism 95
Acknowledgements 102
Notes 103
3 Whom did Ahmed Cevdet represent? 134
Cevdet on himself 136
The \u2018we\u2019 of the Ta\u2019rih-i Cevdet 138
Cevdet\u2019s state 139
Unity and order 140
State servants 141
Representing the state 143
Notes 144
4 Women in Late Ottoman intellectual history 152
Recent findings 155
Elite women in the classical Ottoman and Early Modern eras 156
Elite and non-elite women in the modern era 158
The Ottomans\u2019 \u2018Age of Empire\u2019 160
The Hamidian press 161
Non-elite women in modern Ottoman intellectual history 168
The Young Turk era 171
Conclusion 172
Notes 173
5 Turban and fez 180
Rapprochement between the ulema and the Committee of Union and Progress 183
Three ulema pamphlets against the regime 184
陌kinci Hutbe (Second Sermon) 190
New conceptions of history 196
Political conceptions 200
The Caliphate 202
Governmental legitimacy 204
Secular and Islamic law 204
The quest for activism 205
Notes 207
6 Pan-Islamism in practice 220
The nature of pan-Islamism 221
The Ottomans viewed by other Muslims 226
The Muslims of India 227
The Bukharans 231
The Tatars 235
Pan-Islamism and anti-colonial revolution 235
Conclusion 239
Notes 240
7 \u2018Kutup ve Resail-i Mevkute\u2019 244
Books and newspapers in a multi-ethnic society 244
Book production 246
\u2018Books printed in Constantinople\u2019: Western observers and Ottoman book production 247
Booksellers\u2019 catalogues 248
Tefrika and forma 249
Public reading rooms 250
The press and its impact on literature and language 251
Booksellers and publishers 251
Ebuzziya Tevfik 253
\u2018Ikdamc谋\u2019 Cevdet 254
Ibrahim Hilmi (Cigiracan) 254
Censorship and censors 255
Communication between the communities 256
Mudafaa 259
Conclusion 260
Notes 262
8 Christian community schools during the Ottoman reform period 274
Greek schools 277
Orthodox Arab schools 279
Bulgarian schools 280
Orthodox Albanian schools 283
Armenian schools 284
Official Ottoman attitude towards Christian community schools 287
Conclusion 289
Notes 290
9 Levantine state muftis 294
The Ottoman Shaykh al-Islam 295
The Provincial Muftis 296
Syria 297
The French Mandate in Syria 299
Lebanon 302
The French Mandate in Lebanon 302
Conclusion 304
Notes 306
10 The Albanian students of the Mekteb-i Mulkiye 308
A heterogeneous group emerging from a common educational and professional mould 309
Between the native region and the Ottoman capital 313
Albanianism and Ottomanism: two sides of the same coin 316
Administrators and intellectuals in the service of the state 321
Notes 323
Appendix 330
Main sources (with abbreviations) 330
Albanian Mulkiyelis who died before 1912\u201313 330
Albanian Mulkiyelis who left the Ottoman administration before the Balkan Wars, but about whom we have no further information 331
Albanian Mulkiyelis who had never entered or who had left the Ottoman administration before the Balkan Wars and lived outside Turkey thereafter 332
Albanian Mulkiyelis who left the Ottoman administration in 1912\u201313 and went to Albania 337
Mulkiyelis who left the Ottoman administration around 1912\u201313 and were in Albania in the 1920s 346
Albanian Mulkiyelis who left the Ottoman administration around 1912\u201313 but for whom we have no other information 347
Albanian Mulkiyelis who left the Ottoman administration until the early 1920s and then left the Ottoman Empire 348
Albanian Mulkiyelis who oscillated between Albania and Turkey 351
Albanian Mulkiyelis who left the Ottoman administration before 1912\u201313, but remained in Turkey 353
Albanian Mulkiyelis who continued to serve the Ottoman Empire after 1912\u201313, but died before 1920 353
Albanian Mulkiyelis who continued to served the Ottoman Empire after 1912\u201313, but for whom we have no information for the subsequent years 355
\u2018Albanian\u2019 Mulkiyelis who continued to serve the Ottoman Empire and later the Republic of Turkey 356
Albanian Mulkiyelis who never entered the Ottoman administration but remained in Turkey 360
Index 362