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Summary:
Publisher Summary 1
With a continued emphasis on interpretation and analysis, The Press and Americaremains the classic authority on the history of mass media in the United States. Recognizing that the development of America's journalism is inherently and integrally related to the cultural identity of its people, the heart of this book is an examination of American life and the American media. The Press and Americatraces how major events in U.S. history were covered by reporters, editors and broadcasters and how other writers, advertisers and advocates influenced and continue to influence events in this country. While examining the media's influence on the course of events, this text also points out how events have determined the shape and character of the media. Within this framework, the authors relay the special story of the men and women of journalism and of the institutions and traditions they created. Expanded coverage of women in journalism, with coverage of Barbara Walters, Diane Sawyer, Dorothy Thompson, Helen Thomas, Dorothy Day, Doris Fleischman, Gloria Steinem, and many other less known but important women.For anyone interested in the History of Journalism and Mass Media.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Preface xi
About The Authors xv
Introductory Bibliography xvii
The Heritage Of The American Press 1(16)
The Development of Printing 1(2)
The Printing Press as an Agent of Change 3(1)
Early Writings: Preserving History 4(1)
The Spanish Influence in American Journalism 5(2)
European News Reporting 7(1)
The Press Develops in England 7(1)
The Tudor Reign: Prior Restraint through Licensing 8(2)
First English Corantos 10(2)
Civil War: Milton's Areopagitica 12(1)
Licensing Ends 13(1)
Rise of a Middle Class 13(1)
Eighteenth-Century Journalism 14(1)
Cato's Letters 15(2)
The Colonial Years 17(24)
The New England Environment 19(1)
Commerce: Forerunner of the Press 20(1)
The Southern and Middle Colonies 21(1)
Political Unrest 21(1)
Benjamin Harris, Printer 22(1)
Publick Occurrences, 1690 22(2)
John Campbell's News-Letter, 1704 24(1)
Competition: The Boston Gazette, 1719 25(1)
The New England Courant, 1721 25(2)
James Franklin, Rebel 27(1)
Benjamin Franklin, Apprentice 28(1)
Philadelphia's Journalism Begins 29(1)
Benjamin Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette 29(2)
Papers in Other Colonies 31(1)
The English Common Press 32(1)
The Rise of the Fourth Estate 33(1)
The First Advertising Messages 34(1)
Rising Political Tension 35(1)
The Zenger Case: Background 35(2)
Zenger's Trial, 1735 37(1)
Andrew Hamilton's Great Plea 37(1)
The Zenger Trial Analyzed 38(3)
The Press And The Revolution 41(20)
Steps toward Revolution 43(1)
James Rivington, Voice of the Tories 44(3)
John Dickinson, the Whig Philosopher 47(1)
Samuel Adams, the Radical Propagandist 48(2)
Edes and Gill's Boston Gazette 50(1)
The Sons of Liberty 51(1)
Sam Adams's Key Role 52(1)
Isaiah Thomas, Patriot Editor 52(2)
Tom Paine, the Radical Writer 54(1)
The Declaration of Independence 55(1)
Paine's Crisis Papers 56(1)
The Revolutionary Press 57(1)
Colonial Women Printers 58(3)
Founding The New Nation 61(14)
The Bill of Rights and Press Freedom 62(1)
The Federalist Series 63(1)
Alexander Hamilton, Leader of the Federalists 64(1)
The Federalist Editors: Fenno, Webster, Cobbett, and Russell 65(1)
The French Revolution 66(1)
Thomas Jefferson, Anti-Federalist 67(1)
Philip Freneau, Jefferson's Editor 67(1)
Freneau vs. Fenno: Vituperative Partisanship 68(1)
Bache and the Aurora 69(1)
The Issue of France 70(1)
The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 71(1)
Sedition Act Prosecutions 72(1)
The End of the Battle 73(2)
Westward Expansion 75(22)
The New York Evening Post, 1801 75(2)
Jefferson's View of the Press 77(2)
Growth of the Press: First Dailies 79(1)
The Press Moves Westward 80(2)
The Frontier Newspaper 82(1)
The Influence of the West 83(1)
The War of 1812 83(1)
Government Reporting: The National Intelligencer 83(1)
Magazines Gain a Foothold 84(1)
Niles' Weekly Register 85(1)
An Expansion of the Printed Word 85(1)
John Marshall's Court Decisions 86(2)
The United States of the 1820s 88(1)
The Market Revolution 89(2)
First Labor Papers 91(1)
Kendall and Blair: The Washington Globe 92(2)
Inventions for a People's Press 94(3)
A Press For The Masses 97(24)
Day's New York Sun, 1833 99(1)
A Penny Press for the Common People 100(1)
Bennett's New York Herald, 1835 101(3)
Penny-Press Expansion: Philadelphia and Baltimore 104(1)
Greeley's New York Tribune, 1841 105(2)
Raymond's New York Times, 1851 107(1)
Bowles and the Springfield Republican 108(1)
The Race for News 109(1)
News in the Mail 110(1)
First Washington Reporters 110(2)
Foreign News 112(1)
Ponies, Pigeons, Trains, Steamboats 112(1)
News by Telegraph 113(1)
The Genesis of the Associated Press 114(1)
The Mexican War News 115(1)
Presses for Mass Circulation 116(2)
Newspapers Move West 118(3)
The Irrepressible Conflict 121(22)
Garrison and the Liberator 123(1)
Abolitionists and ``Fire-Eaters'' 124(2)
Black Journalists Speak for Themselves 126(2)
Frederick Douglass, Editor 128(2)
The Northern Press and the Slavery Issue 130(1)
War and the New York Press 131(2)
Military Censorship in the North 133(1)
Suspensions of Northern Newspapers 134(1)
The North Reports the War 135(3)
The South Reports the War 138(2)
Artists and Photographers: Mathew Brady 140(1)
Wartime Technical Advances 141(2)
A Revolution In National Life 143(26)
Political and Financial Crises 145(2)
Greeley's ``Mugwump'' Presidential Race 147(1)
Scandals in Government 147(2)
Dana and the New York Sun 149(1)
Godkin, The Nation, and the Post 150(2)
Watterson's Courier-Journal and Scott's Oregonian 152(2)
An Industrial Economy 154(1)
The Rise of the City 155(1)
The Communications Network 156(1)
An Expansion of Newspapers 157(1)
Advances in Education 157(1)
New Socioeconomic Philosophies 158(1)
Advances in Knowledge 159(1)
Influence of Magazines 160(1)
The Society's Shortcomings and Discontents 161(1)
A New Journalism Emerging 162(1)
Journalism of the East 163(1)
New Dailies in the West 163(1)
The South: Henry W. Grady of Atlanta 164(1)
A Revolution in the Midwest: E. W. Scripps 164(1)
Stone's Chicago Daily News 165(1)
Nelson's Kansas City Star 166(2)
Other Midwestern Cities: Climax to St. Louis 168(1)
The New Journalism 169(38)
Joseph Pulitzer's Early Career 171(2)
Purchase of the New York World, 1883 173(2)
Reasons for the World's Success 175(3)
The Editorial Staff Emerges 178(2)
Criticism of the Press 180(1)
Women in Journalism 180(1)
Advances in Cooperative News Gathering 181(2)
The Business Side: Advertising Developments 183(4)
New Magazines: Rivals for Advertising 187(1)
A revolution in Printing 188(1)
Photoengraving Brings Photographers 189(2)
Visual Media: Documentary and Motion Pictures 191(1)
The Age of Yellow Journalism 192(1)
William Randolph Hearst 192(2)
Hearst's San Francisco Examiner 194(1)
Hearst Invades New York 194(1)
Pulitzer's Sunday World 195(1)
``Yellow Journalism'' and the Spanish-American War 196(2)
The Spirit of Manifest Destiny 198(1)
Covering Cuban News, 1895-98 199(3)
The Correspondents go to War 202(2)
The Triumph of Manifest Destiny 204(3)
The People's Champions 207(26)
The Crisis of Economic Power 209(1)
Demands for Political and Economic Reform 210(1)
Presidents and the Press 211(1)
The Women's Equality Movement 211(1)
Alternative Presses: Socialist 212(1)
``The People's Champions'' 213(1)
Pulitzer's Crusades in the World 213(2)
The End of the World 215(1)
Hearst Expands His Role 216(1)
Scripps and His ``People's Papers'' 217(2)
White and the Emporia Gazette 219(2)
Other Newspaper Crusaders 221(2)
The Magazines: An Era of Muckraking 223(3)
The Age of Realism 226(1)
The Growth of the Ethnic Press 227(1)
The Black Press Grows 228(2)
W.E.B. Du Bois and The Crisis 230(3)
Bastions Of News Enterprise 233(18)
Adolph S. Ochs and the New York Times 233(2)
Ochs Buys the Times, 1896 235(2)
Carr Van Anda, Managing Editor 237(3)
The New York Herald, A Leader in News 240(1)
The New York Sun Goes Down 241(1)
Chicago's Famed Inter Ocean 241(1)
Building the Los Angeles Times 242(1)
The Rise of the Press Associations 242(2)
The Associated Press: Genesis 244(1)
The New Associated Press of 1900 245(1)
Scripps and Hearst Challenge the AP 246(1)
The Second United Press and Roy Howard 247(1)
The International News Service 248(1)
The Feature Syndicates: Entertainment 248(3)
War Comes To The United States 251(14)
American Reaction to Europe's 1914 War 252(1)
The United States Moves toward War 253(1)
George Creel's Committee on Public Information 254(2)
Censorship of German and Socialist Papers 256(1)
The Sedition Act of 1918 257(1)
Leading War Correspondents 258(1)
Defeat of the Treaty and the League 259(1)
The Great ``Red Scare'' 260(2)
Legal Cases: ``Clear and Present Danger'' 262(1)
Long-Range Effects of the ``Red Scare'' 263(2)
The Twenties: Radio, Movies, And Jazz Journalism 265(34)
Early Broadcasting Experiments 267(1)
Fessenden, De Forest, and Herrold 268(2)
The First Radio Stations 270(2)
AT&T, Westing-house, and GE 272(1)
The Radio Corporation of America 272(1)
Sarnoff, RCA, and NBC 273(1)
CBS and Paley 274(1)
Federal Regulation: The FCC 275(1)
The Clash over Radio News 276(1)
Popular Radio Entertainment 276(2)
The Rise of Motion Pictures 278(2)
Going to the Movies: The ``Talkies'' 280(1)
Jazz Journalism: The Tabloid 281(1)
The Founding of the New York Daily News 282(1)
The Mirror and the Graphic 283(2)
Patterson's News Values Change 285(1)
The End of the Tabloid Era 286(1)
The Denver Post's ``Bucket of Blood'' Days 286(1)
The World of Comics 287(1)
Newspaper Consolidations, 1910 to 1930 288(1)
Metropolitan Dailies, 1890 to 1930: Munsey, Curtis, and Kohlsaat 289(2)
Hearst and Scripps Howard Consolidations in the 1920s 291(1)
Advertising: Agencies and Copywriters 292(4)
The Roots of Public Relations 296(3)
Depression And Reform 299(40)
The President and the Press: FDR 302(1)
Criticism of the ``Press Lords'' 303(1)
William Randolph Hearst 304(2)
Colonel McCormick and the Chicago Tribune 306(2)
Howard and the Scripps Image 308(1)
Landmark Legal Decisions: The First Amendment 309(1)
The Rise of Interpretative Reporting 310(2)
The Foreign Correspondents 312(1)
Duranty and the Mowrer Brothers 313(3)
The Political Columnists 316(1)
The Editorial Cartoonists 317(2)
Radio News Comes of Age 319(1)
The Newspaper-Radio War 320(1)
Mutual Network; The March of Time 321(2)
Commentators Debate the National Issues 323(1)
The Networks Reach Overseas 324(2)
Television: The Competition of the 1930s 326(1)
Baird, Jenkins, and Ives: Other Experiments 327(1)
Sarnoff, Zworykin, and Farnsworth 327(2)
The Newsreel at the Movies 329(1)
Magazines of Opinion and Interpretation: Mencken's Mercury 330(1)
Ross and the New Yorker 330(2)
Wallace's Reader's Digest 332(1)
Luce and Time 332(2)
Newsweek, U.S. News, and Business Week 334(1)
Photojournalism: Life, Look, and Documentaries 334(2)
Book Publishing Turns the Corner 336(3)
A World At War 339(22)
Americans Learn of Europe's War 340(1)
Roosevelt's Third-Term Campaign 340(1)
The Arsenal of Democracy 341(1)
War Breaks in the Pacific 341(1)
Censorship and Propaganda Renewed 342(2)
Military Censorship 344(1)
Press and Radio Cover the War 345(1)
Good News from the Front 346(1)
The Press Associations Flash News of Victory and FDR's Death 346(1)
Truman and the Atomic Bomb: The Cold War Begins 347(2)
Postwar Adjustments at Home and Abroad 349(1)
The ``China Watchers'' Emerge 350(2)
New York Dailies Reach Their Peak 352(1)
Truman's Election: The Miracle of 1948 352(2)
Truman and the Press Conference 354(1)
The War in Korea, 1950 to 1953 355(1)
Macarthur: and the Press: Censorship Imposed 356(1)
Truman Fires Macarthur: A Presidential Crisis 357(1)
A Truce in Korea 358(3)
Television Takes Center Stage 361(32)
Television Shapes the 1952 Campaign 362(2)
Eisenhower and the Press 364(1)
Expansion of the Networks: TV's Golden Age 365(2)
Murrow and McCarthy: The Debate over ``Disloyalty and Dissent'' 367(3)
NBC News: Huntley and Brinkley 370(1)
Radio Adjusts to Television 371(1)
The Press Associations: The AP's Kent Cooper 372(2)
The UP and the INS Become the UPI 374(1)
The USIA and the Voice of America 375(1)
Advertising: Madison Avenue, U.S.A. 376(4)
The Expansion of Corporate Public Relations 380(1)
Magazines of the 1950s 381(1)
Harper's, Atlantic, and Saturday Review 381(1)
Buckley's National Review 382(1)
The Liberal Left Opinion Journals 383(1)
The Religious Press 383(1)
Photojournalism: Ebony, National Geographic, and Smithsonian 384(1)
Book Publishing: The Old Houses Lead a Post-war Boom 385(2)
The Paperback Explosion 387(1)
The Movies Face TV's Challenge 388(1)
A Series of Alarms 389(4)
Challenges And Dissent 393(40)
Nixon versus Kennedy: ``The Great Debates'' 394(1)
Kennedy and the Press: Live News Conferences 394(2)
The Kennedy Assassination: The End of the ``1000 Days'' 396(5)
The Protest Movements Fight Racism, Sexism, and Imperialism 401(3)
Television News: Cronkite and CBS 404(3)
NBC: Chancellor and McGee 407(1)
ABC News: Walters and Reynolds 408(2)
The Quagmire in Vietnam 410(1)
The Saigon Press Corps Forms 411(1)
The Saigon Press Corps under Attack 412(1)
Johnson and the Press: The War Escalates 413(3)
Chicago, 1968, and the Walker Report 416(1)
The Underground Press 417(2)
Alternative Journalists 419(2)
Investigative Reporting 421(2)
The New Journalists 423(1)
Urban and Environment Writers 424(1)
The Black Press Survives 425(1)
Black Press Leaders 426(2)
The Black Magazines 428(1)
The Latino Media 429(2)
Native American Newspapers 431(1)
The Gay and Lesbian Press 431(2)
A Crisis of Credibility 433(74)
Nixon and Agnew 435(1)
Prior Restraint: The Pentagon Papers Case 436(3)
The Watergate Story 439(3)
Nixon and the War 442(1)
The Press Corps: Prizes and Casualties 443(2)
Military Censorship in Vietnam 445(1)
Defeat and Surrender 445(1)
Vietnam Reconsidered: Lessons of the War 446(2)
China and the Pacific Rim 448(2)
Ford Attempts to Restore Credibility 450(1)
``The Boys on the Bus'': Presidential Campaigns 451(1)
The Carter Years: The Iranian Crisis 452(2)
Reagan and the Media: The Struggle for Access 454(3)
The Iran-Contra Scandal 457(3)
Interventions in Central America and the Caribbean 460(5)
Bush and the ``New World Order'' 465(1)
A Growing U.S. Role in the Middle East 466(4)
The Gulf War 470(5)
Clinton's Struggle for Approval 475(4)
The Public Perception of Media Credibility 479(3)
Criticism of Television News 482(3)
Television's Biggest Audiences 485(1)
CBS News 486(2)
NBC News 488(2)
ABC News 490(2)
Cable News Network 492(2)
Fox Broadcasting 494(1)
UPN and the WB 495(1)
Public Broadcasting: MacNeilLehrer 496(2)
The Hiring of Minorities 498(2)
Concerns about Television Programming 500(3)
The FCC and the Broadcasters: Licensing 503(1)
The FCC Fairness Doctrine 504(2)
Privacy Concerns 506(1)
Efforts To Improve The Media 507(28)
The Press in Presidential Elections 509(1)
The Newspaper Guild 510(3)
The American Newspaper Publishers Association/Newspaper Association of America 513(1)
ASNE, NAB, and Codes of Conduct 514(2)
NCEW, APME, and RTNDA 516(1)
Other Professional Groups 517(1)
Education for Journalism Begins 517(1)
Journalism as a Social Institution 518(1)
Journalism as a Social Science 519(1)
Media Support for Education 519(1)
Efforts to Improve: Studies of the Press 520(1)
Efforts to Improve: Press Councils 520(1)
Efforts to Improve: Ombudsmen 521(1)
Efforts to Improve: Journalism Reviews 521(1)
Efforts to Improve: Public/Civic Journalism 522(1)
Women in the Media 523(1)
Landmark Legal Cases: Libel 524(3)
Obscenity and Pornography 527(1)
Censorship 528(1)
Commercial Speech 529(1)
Public Access to the Media 530(1)
Free Press, Fair Trial 530(2)
The Right to Know 532(3)
Media Technology: The Challenge Of The Twenty-First Century 535(41)
The United States in the 1990s 536(2)
Disturbing Trends in Journalism 538(5)
Print Technology 543(3)
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 546(2)
Domestic Broadcast Technology 548(2)
The Internet 550(1)
The Turner Broadcasting System 551(2)
Conglomerates: Media Wealth and Influence 553(4)
Intermedia Advertising Competition 557(2)
AM/FM Radio 559(1)
Motion Pictures Hold Their Place 559(2)
Magazines for the 21st Century 561(3)
Book Publishing 564(1)
Public Relations as a Profession 565(1)
World-wide Advertising 566(1)
International Satellite Technology 567(3)
The International Flow of the News 570(1)
U.S. News Agencies: AP and UPI 570(3)
U.S. News Services Abroad 573(1)
The New World Information Order 573(2)
Lessons for the Age of Technology 575(1)
Notes 576(31)
Annotated Bibliography 607(74)
Index 681
Preface xi
About The Authors xv
Introductory Bibliography xvii
The Heritage Of The American Press 1(16)
The Development of Printing 1(2)
The Printing Press as an Agent of Change 3(1)
Early Writings: Preserving History 4(1)
The Spanish Influence in American Journalism 5(2)
European News Reporting 7(1)
The Press Develops in England 7(1)
The Tudor Reign: Prior Restraint through Licensing 8(2)
First English Corantos 10(2)
Civil War: Milton's Areopagitica 12(1)
Licensing Ends 13(1)
Rise of a Middle Class 13(1)
Eighteenth-Century Journalism 14(1)
Cato's Letters 15(2)
The Colonial Years 17(24)
The New England Environment 19(1)
Commerce: Forerunner of the Press 20(1)
The Southern and Middle Colonies 21(1)
Political Unrest 21(1)
Benjamin Harris, Printer 22(1)
Publick Occurrences, 1690 22(2)
John Campbell's News-Letter, 1704 24(1)
Competition: The Boston Gazette, 1719 25(1)
The New England Courant, 1721 25(2)
James Franklin, Rebel 27(1)
Benjamin Franklin, Apprentice 28(1)
Philadelphia's Journalism Begins 29(1)
Benjamin Franklin's Pennsylvania Gazette 29(2)
Papers in Other Colonies 31(1)
The English Common Press 32(1)
The Rise of the Fourth Estate 33(1)
The First Advertising Messages 34(1)
Rising Political Tension 35(1)
The Zenger Case: Background 35(2)
Zenger's Trial, 1735 37(1)
Andrew Hamilton's Great Plea 37(1)
The Zenger Trial Analyzed 38(3)
The Press And The Revolution 41(20)
Steps toward Revolution 43(1)
James Rivington, Voice of the Tories 44(3)
John Dickinson, the Whig Philosopher 47(1)
Samuel Adams, the Radical Propagandist 48(2)
Edes and Gill's Boston Gazette 50(1)
The Sons of Liberty 51(1)
Sam Adams's Key Role 52(1)
Isaiah Thomas, Patriot Editor 52(2)
Tom Paine, the Radical Writer 54(1)
The Declaration of Independence 55(1)
Paine's Crisis Papers 56(1)
The Revolutionary Press 57(1)
Colonial Women Printers 58(3)
Founding The New Nation 61(14)
The Bill of Rights and Press Freedom 62(1)
The Federalist Series 63(1)
Alexander Hamilton, Leader of the Federalists 64(1)
The Federalist Editors: Fenno, Webster, Cobbett, and Russell 65(1)
The French Revolution 66(1)
Thomas Jefferson, Anti-Federalist 67(1)
Philip Freneau, Jefferson's Editor 67(1)
Freneau vs. Fenno: Vituperative Partisanship 68(1)
Bache and the Aurora 69(1)
The Issue of France 70(1)
The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798 71(1)
Sedition Act Prosecutions 72(1)
The End of the Battle 73(2)
Westward Expansion 75(22)
The New York Evening Post, 1801 75(2)
Jefferson's View of the Press 77(2)
Growth of the Press: First Dailies 79(1)
The Press Moves Westward 80(2)
The Frontier Newspaper 82(1)
The Influence of the West 83(1)
The War of 1812 83(1)
Government Reporting: The National Intelligencer 83(1)
Magazines Gain a Foothold 84(1)
Niles' Weekly Register 85(1)
An Expansion of the Printed Word 85(1)
John Marshall's Court Decisions 86(2)
The United States of the 1820s 88(1)
The Market Revolution 89(2)
First Labor Papers 91(1)
Kendall and Blair: The Washington Globe 92(2)
Inventions for a People's Press 94(3)
A Press For The Masses 97(24)
Day's New York Sun, 1833 99(1)
A Penny Press for the Common People 100(1)
Bennett's New York Herald, 1835 101(3)
Penny-Press Expansion: Philadelphia and Baltimore 104(1)
Greeley's New York Tribune, 1841 105(2)
Raymond's New York Times, 1851 107(1)
Bowles and the Springfield Republican 108(1)
The Race for News 109(1)
News in the Mail 110(1)
First Washington Reporters 110(2)
Foreign News 112(1)
Ponies, Pigeons, Trains, Steamboats 112(1)
News by Telegraph 113(1)
The Genesis of the Associated Press 114(1)
The Mexican War News 115(1)
Presses for Mass Circulation 116(2)
Newspapers Move West 118(3)
The Irrepressible Conflict 121(22)
Garrison and the Liberator 123(1)
Abolitionists and ``Fire-Eaters'' 124(2)
Black Journalists Speak for Themselves 126(2)
Frederick Douglass, Editor 128(2)
The Northern Press and the Slavery Issue 130(1)
War and the New York Press 131(2)
Military Censorship in the North 133(1)
Suspensions of Northern Newspapers 134(1)
The North Reports the War 135(3)
The South Reports the War 138(2)
Artists and Photographers: Mathew Brady 140(1)
Wartime Technical Advances 141(2)
A Revolution In National Life 143(26)
Political and Financial Crises 145(2)
Greeley's ``Mugwump'' Presidential Race 147(1)
Scandals in Government 147(2)
Dana and the New York Sun 149(1)
Godkin, The Nation, and the Post 150(2)
Watterson's Courier-Journal and Scott's Oregonian 152(2)
An Industrial Economy 154(1)
The Rise of the City 155(1)
The Communications Network 156(1)
An Expansion of Newspapers 157(1)
Advances in Education 157(1)
New Socioeconomic Philosophies 158(1)
Advances in Knowledge 159(1)
Influence of Magazines 160(1)
The Society's Shortcomings and Discontents 161(1)
A New Journalism Emerging 162(1)
Journalism of the East 163(1)
New Dailies in the West 163(1)
The South: Henry W. Grady of Atlanta 164(1)
A Revolution in the Midwest: E. W. Scripps 164(1)
Stone's Chicago Daily News 165(1)
Nelson's Kansas City Star 166(2)
Other Midwestern Cities: Climax to St. Louis 168(1)
The New Journalism 169(38)
Joseph Pulitzer's Early Career 171(2)
Purchase of the New York World, 1883 173(2)
Reasons for the World's Success 175(3)
The Editorial Staff Emerges 178(2)
Criticism of the Press 180(1)
Women in Journalism 180(1)
Advances in Cooperative News Gathering 181(2)
The Business Side: Advertising Developments 183(4)
New Magazines: Rivals for Advertising 187(1)
A revolution in Printing 188(1)
Photoengraving Brings Photographers 189(2)
Visual Media: Documentary and Motion Pictures 191(1)
The Age of Yellow Journalism 192(1)
William Randolph Hearst 192(2)
Hearst's San Francisco Examiner 194(1)
Hearst Invades New York 194(1)
Pulitzer's Sunday World 195(1)
``Yellow Journalism'' and the Spanish-American War 196(2)
The Spirit of Manifest Destiny 198(1)
Covering Cuban News, 1895-98 199(3)
The Correspondents go to War 202(2)
The Triumph of Manifest Destiny 204(3)
The People's Champions 207(26)
The Crisis of Economic Power 209(1)
Demands for Political and Economic Reform 210(1)
Presidents and the Press 211(1)
The Women's Equality Movement 211(1)
Alternative Presses: Socialist 212(1)
``The People's Champions'' 213(1)
Pulitzer's Crusades in the World 213(2)
The End of the World 215(1)
Hearst Expands His Role 216(1)
Scripps and His ``People's Papers'' 217(2)
White and the Emporia Gazette 219(2)
Other Newspaper Crusaders 221(2)
The Magazines: An Era of Muckraking 223(3)
The Age of Realism 226(1)
The Growth of the Ethnic Press 227(1)
The Black Press Grows 228(2)
W.E.B. Du Bois and The Crisis 230(3)
Bastions Of News Enterprise 233(18)
Adolph S. Ochs and the New York Times 233(2)
Ochs Buys the Times, 1896 235(2)
Carr Van Anda, Managing Editor 237(3)
The New York Herald, A Leader in News 240(1)
The New York Sun Goes Down 241(1)
Chicago's Famed Inter Ocean 241(1)
Building the Los Angeles Times 242(1)
The Rise of the Press Associations 242(2)
The Associated Press: Genesis 244(1)
The New Associated Press of 1900 245(1)
Scripps and Hearst Challenge the AP 246(1)
The Second United Press and Roy Howard 247(1)
The International News Service 248(1)
The Feature Syndicates: Entertainment 248(3)
War Comes To The United States 251(14)
American Reaction to Europe's 1914 War 252(1)
The United States Moves toward War 253(1)
George Creel's Committee on Public Information 254(2)
Censorship of German and Socialist Papers 256(1)
The Sedition Act of 1918 257(1)
Leading War Correspondents 258(1)
Defeat of the Treaty and the League 259(1)
The Great ``Red Scare'' 260(2)
Legal Cases: ``Clear and Present Danger'' 262(1)
Long-Range Effects of the ``Red Scare'' 263(2)
The Twenties: Radio, Movies, And Jazz Journalism 265(34)
Early Broadcasting Experiments 267(1)
Fessenden, De Forest, and Herrold 268(2)
The First Radio Stations 270(2)
AT&T, Westing-house, and GE 272(1)
The Radio Corporation of America 272(1)
Sarnoff, RCA, and NBC 273(1)
CBS and Paley 274(1)
Federal Regulation: The FCC 275(1)
The Clash over Radio News 276(1)
Popular Radio Entertainment 276(2)
The Rise of Motion Pictures 278(2)
Going to the Movies: The ``Talkies'' 280(1)
Jazz Journalism: The Tabloid 281(1)
The Founding of the New York Daily News 282(1)
The Mirror and the Graphic 283(2)
Patterson's News Values Change 285(1)
The End of the Tabloid Era 286(1)
The Denver Post's ``Bucket of Blood'' Days 286(1)
The World of Comics 287(1)
Newspaper Consolidations, 1910 to 1930 288(1)
Metropolitan Dailies, 1890 to 1930: Munsey, Curtis, and Kohlsaat 289(2)
Hearst and Scripps Howard Consolidations in the 1920s 291(1)
Advertising: Agencies and Copywriters 292(4)
The Roots of Public Relations 296(3)
Depression And Reform 299(40)
The President and the Press: FDR 302(1)
Criticism of the ``Press Lords'' 303(1)
William Randolph Hearst 304(2)
Colonel McCormick and the Chicago Tribune 306(2)
Howard and the Scripps Image 308(1)
Landmark Legal Decisions: The First Amendment 309(1)
The Rise of Interpretative Reporting 310(2)
The Foreign Correspondents 312(1)
Duranty and the Mowrer Brothers 313(3)
The Political Columnists 316(1)
The Editorial Cartoonists 317(2)
Radio News Comes of Age 319(1)
The Newspaper-Radio War 320(1)
Mutual Network; The March of Time 321(2)
Commentators Debate the National Issues 323(1)
The Networks Reach Overseas 324(2)
Television: The Competition of the 1930s 326(1)
Baird, Jenkins, and Ives: Other Experiments 327(1)
Sarnoff, Zworykin, and Farnsworth 327(2)
The Newsreel at the Movies 329(1)
Magazines of Opinion and Interpretation: Mencken's Mercury 330(1)
Ross and the New Yorker 330(2)
Wallace's Reader's Digest 332(1)
Luce and Time 332(2)
Newsweek, U.S. News, and Business Week 334(1)
Photojournalism: Life, Look, and Documentaries 334(2)
Book Publishing Turns the Corner 336(3)
A World At War 339(22)
Americans Learn of Europe's War 340(1)
Roosevelt's Third-Term Campaign 340(1)
The Arsenal of Democracy 341(1)
War Breaks in the Pacific 341(1)
Censorship and Propaganda Renewed 342(2)
Military Censorship 344(1)
Press and Radio Cover the War 345(1)
Good News from the Front 346(1)
The Press Associations Flash News of Victory and FDR's Death 346(1)
Truman and the Atomic Bomb: The Cold War Begins 347(2)
Postwar Adjustments at Home and Abroad 349(1)
The ``China Watchers'' Emerge 350(2)
New York Dailies Reach Their Peak 352(1)
Truman's Election: The Miracle of 1948 352(2)
Truman and the Press Conference 354(1)
The War in Korea, 1950 to 1953 355(1)
Macarthur: and the Press: Censorship Imposed 356(1)
Truman Fires Macarthur: A Presidential Crisis 357(1)
A Truce in Korea 358(3)
Television Takes Center Stage 361(32)
Television Shapes the 1952 Campaign 362(2)
Eisenhower and the Press 364(1)
Expansion of the Networks: TV's Golden Age 365(2)
Murrow and McCarthy: The Debate over ``Disloyalty and Dissent'' 367(3)
NBC News: Huntley and Brinkley 370(1)
Radio Adjusts to Television 371(1)
The Press Associations: The AP's Kent Cooper 372(2)
The UP and the INS Become the UPI 374(1)
The USIA and the Voice of America 375(1)
Advertising: Madison Avenue, U.S.A. 376(4)
The Expansion of Corporate Public Relations 380(1)
Magazines of the 1950s 381(1)
Harper's, Atlantic, and Saturday Review 381(1)
Buckley's National Review 382(1)
The Liberal Left Opinion Journals 383(1)
The Religious Press 383(1)
Photojournalism: Ebony, National Geographic, and Smithsonian 384(1)
Book Publishing: The Old Houses Lead a Post-war Boom 385(2)
The Paperback Explosion 387(1)
The Movies Face TV's Challenge 388(1)
A Series of Alarms 389(4)
Challenges And Dissent 393(40)
Nixon versus Kennedy: ``The Great Debates'' 394(1)
Kennedy and the Press: Live News Conferences 394(2)
The Kennedy Assassination: The End of the ``1000 Days'' 396(5)
The Protest Movements Fight Racism, Sexism, and Imperialism 401(3)
Television News: Cronkite and CBS 404(3)
NBC: Chancellor and McGee 407(1)
ABC News: Walters and Reynolds 408(2)
The Quagmire in Vietnam 410(1)
The Saigon Press Corps Forms 411(1)
The Saigon Press Corps under Attack 412(1)
Johnson and the Press: The War Escalates 413(3)
Chicago, 1968, and the Walker Report 416(1)
The Underground Press 417(2)
Alternative Journalists 419(2)
Investigative Reporting 421(2)
The New Journalists 423(1)
Urban and Environment Writers 424(1)
The Black Press Survives 425(1)
Black Press Leaders 426(2)
The Black Magazines 428(1)
The Latino Media 429(2)
Native American Newspapers 431(1)
The Gay and Lesbian Press 431(2)
A Crisis of Credibility 433(74)
Nixon and Agnew 435(1)
Prior Restraint: The Pentagon Papers Case 436(3)
The Watergate Story 439(3)
Nixon and the War 442(1)
The Press Corps: Prizes and Casualties 443(2)
Military Censorship in Vietnam 445(1)
Defeat and Surrender 445(1)
Vietnam Reconsidered: Lessons of the War 446(2)
China and the Pacific Rim 448(2)
Ford Attempts to Restore Credibility 450(1)
``The Boys on the Bus'': Presidential Campaigns 451(1)
The Carter Years: The Iranian Crisis 452(2)
Reagan and the Media: The Struggle for Access 454(3)
The Iran-Contra Scandal 457(3)
Interventions in Central America and the Caribbean 460(5)
Bush and the ``New World Order'' 465(1)
A Growing U.S. Role in the Middle East 466(4)
The Gulf War 470(5)
Clinton's Struggle for Approval 475(4)
The Public Perception of Media Credibility 479(3)
Criticism of Television News 482(3)
Television's Biggest Audiences 485(1)
CBS News 486(2)
NBC News 488(2)
ABC News 490(2)
Cable News Network 492(2)
Fox Broadcasting 494(1)
UPN and the WB 495(1)
Public Broadcasting: MacNeilLehrer 496(2)
The Hiring of Minorities 498(2)
Concerns about Television Programming 500(3)
The FCC and the Broadcasters: Licensing 503(1)
The FCC Fairness Doctrine 504(2)
Privacy Concerns 506(1)
Efforts To Improve The Media 507(28)
The Press in Presidential Elections 509(1)
The Newspaper Guild 510(3)
The American Newspaper Publishers Association/Newspaper Association of America 513(1)
ASNE, NAB, and Codes of Conduct 514(2)
NCEW, APME, and RTNDA 516(1)
Other Professional Groups 517(1)
Education for Journalism Begins 517(1)
Journalism as a Social Institution 518(1)
Journalism as a Social Science 519(1)
Media Support for Education 519(1)
Efforts to Improve: Studies of the Press 520(1)
Efforts to Improve: Press Councils 520(1)
Efforts to Improve: Ombudsmen 521(1)
Efforts to Improve: Journalism Reviews 521(1)
Efforts to Improve: Public/Civic Journalism 522(1)
Women in the Media 523(1)
Landmark Legal Cases: Libel 524(3)
Obscenity and Pornography 527(1)
Censorship 528(1)
Commercial Speech 529(1)
Public Access to the Media 530(1)
Free Press, Fair Trial 530(2)
The Right to Know 532(3)
Media Technology: The Challenge Of The Twenty-First Century 535(41)
The United States in the 1990s 536(2)
Disturbing Trends in Journalism 538(5)
Print Technology 543(3)
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 546(2)
Domestic Broadcast Technology 548(2)
The Internet 550(1)
The Turner Broadcasting System 551(2)
Conglomerates: Media Wealth and Influence 553(4)
Intermedia Advertising Competition 557(2)
AM/FM Radio 559(1)
Motion Pictures Hold Their Place 559(2)
Magazines for the 21st Century 561(3)
Book Publishing 564(1)
Public Relations as a Profession 565(1)
World-wide Advertising 566(1)
International Satellite Technology 567(3)
The International Flow of the News 570(1)
U.S. News Agencies: AP and UPI 570(3)
U.S. News Services Abroad 573(1)
The New World Information Order 573(2)
Lessons for the Age of Technology 575(1)
Notes 576(31)
Annotated Bibliography 607(74)
Index 681
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