Forest ecosystems / 2nd ed.
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作 者：David A. Perry, Ram Oren, Stephen C. Hart.
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ISBN：9780801888403
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简介
This acclaimed text is the most comprehensive available in the field of forest ecology. Designed for advanced students of forest science, ecology, and environmental studies, it is also an essential reference for forest ecologists, foresters, and land managers. The authors provide an inclusive survey of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests with an emphasis on ecological concepts across scales that range from global to landscape to microscopic. Situating forests in the context of larger landscapes, they reveal the complex patterns and processes observed in tree-dominated habitats. The updated and expanded second edition covers: conservation; ecosystem services; climate change; vegetation classification ; disturbance; species interactions; self-thinning; genetics ; soil influences; productivity; biogeochemical cycling; mineralization; effects of herbivory; and ecosystem stability. - Back cover.
目录
Table Of Contents:
Preface xiii
Introduction 1(10)
Why Study Ecosystems? 2(2)
State of the World's Forests 4(4)
The Study of Nature: Balance and Flux 8(1)
A Brief Overview of the Book 9(1)
Summary 9(2)
Basic Terminology and Concepts 11(10)
Some Basic Concepts 12(2)
The Subdisciplines of Ecology 14(2)
The Nature of Systems 16(3)
Summary 19(2)
Forests as Part of the Global Ecosystem 21(20)
A Brief Look at the Global Ecosystem 21(9)
Ecosystem Services Provided by Forests 30(9)
Forests and Human Health 39(1)
Summary 40(1)
Major Forest Types and Their Climatic Controls 41(19)
The Influence of Climate on Forest Type 42(5)
Latitudinal Gradients in Forest Characteristics 47(3)
How Will Global Climate Change Affect the Distribution of Forests? 50(9)
Summary 59(1)
Local Variation in Community Type The Landscape Mosaic 60(19)
A Case History 60(5)
Topoedaphic Influences on Vegetation Patterns 65(8)
The Emergent Landscape: Integration and Topography, Soils, and Disturbance 73(2)
Vegetation Classification 75(3)
Summary 78(1)
Change in Time An Overview 79(7)
Earth Music 80(4)
Summary 84(2)
Disturbance in Forest Ecosystems 86(32)
The Complex Nature of Disturbance 86(1)
Fire 87(21)
Wind 108(3)
Tectonic Activity 111(1)
Flooding 111(1)
Invasive Species 111(6)
Summary 117(1)
Patterns and Mechanisms of Succession 118(38)
Historical Notes 118(2)
Compositional and Structural Change during Succession 120(10)
Mechanisms of Succession 130(16)
Ecosystem Changes during Succession 146(9)
The Emergent Landscape Revisited 155(1)
Summary 155(1)
The Structure of Local Ecosystems 156(34)
Forest Structure 159(11)
Habitat and Niche 170(2)
Food Webs: Pathways of Energy Flow within Ecosystems 172(7)
Niche Overlap and Diversification 179(5)
The Tradeoff between Dominance and Diversity 184(1)
Scales of Diversity 184(5)
Summary 189(1)
How Biodiversity Is Created and Maintained 190(26)
Forces That Generate and Maintain Diversity Within Communities 190(3)
The Variation of Species Richness among Environments 193(2)
Relationships between Forest Structure and the Diversity of Animals and Microbes 195(10)
Forces Producing Diversity in Trees and Other Forest Plants 205(10)
Summary 215(1)
The Biological Web Interactions among Species 216(26)
The Structure of Relationships within Communities 216(4)
Interactions between Two Species: Basic Concepts 220(1)
Mutualisms 221(11)
Competition 232(2)
Higher-Order Interactions 234(7)
Summary 241(1)
Size-Density Relationships in Forests over Time and across Space 242(5)
Self-Thinning: An Orderly Process 242(3)
Size-Density Relationships in Forests: The Spatial Dimension 245(1)
Summary 246(1)
Genetic and Evolutionary Aspects of Species Interactions 247(9)
The Role of Biotic Interactions in Evolution 248(3)
Community and Ecosystem Genetics 251(2)
The Selection of Cooperation within Groups 253(2)
Summary 255(1)
Soil The Fundamental Resource 256(45)
What Is Soil? 257(1)
The Soil Profile 258(2)
Physical Properties of Soils 260(9)
Chemical Properties of Soils 269(12)
Biological Properties of Soils 281(10)
Soil Development 291(6)
Soil Classification 297(2)
Summary 299(2)
Primary Productivity 301(32)
Light Capture and Gas Exchange in Canopies 302(4)
Respiration by Trees and Ecosystems 306(1)
Net Primary Productivity 307(7)
Carbon Allocation in Different Environments 314(3)
The Limiting Factors of the Environments 317(11)
Trees Are Not Prisoners of the Environment 328(1)
Productivity in the Twenty-First Century 329(3)
Summary 332(1)
Forest Nutrition 333(14)
The Essential Nutrients and Their Physiological Roles 334(3)
Nutrient Requirements and Limitations 337(5)
Diagnosing Nutrient Deficiencies 342(3)
The Concept of Relative Addition Rate 345(1)
Summary 346(1)
Biogeochemical Cycling Nutrient Inputs to and Losses from Local Ecosystems 347(25)
An Overview of Nutrient Inputs to Local Ecosystems 347(1)
Atmospheric Inputs 348(3)
Inputs from Weathering of Primary Minerals 351(2)
Biological Nitrogen Fixation 353(9)
Nutrient Losses from Undisturbed Forests 362(1)
Nutrient Losses from Disturbed Forests 363(17)
Summary 370(2)
Biogeochemical Cycling The Intrasystem Cycle 372(37)
Overview of the Intrasystem Nutrient Cycle 373(2)
The Contribution of Nutrient Cycling to Primary Productivity 375(1)
Detritus 375(7)
The Intratree Nutrient Cycle 382(1)
Throughfall and Stem Flow 383(1)
Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling: Some Basic Concepts 384(1)
Broad Patterns of Decomposition: The k Value 385(1)
Factors Controlling the Rate of Decomposition 385(7)
Effects of Food-Chain Interactions on Decomposition, Immobilization, and Mineralization 392(3)
Biodiversity Affects Decomposition 395(1)
A Closer Look at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Cycles 396(4)
Plant Uptake 400(6)
Nutrient Cycling through Succession 406(2)
Global Change and Nutrient Cycling 408(1)
Summary 408(1)
Herbivores in Forest Ecosystems 409(29)
Effects of Herbivory on Primary Productivity 411(6)
Factors Controlling Herbivores 417(18)
Coevolutionary Balance in Forests 435(2)
Summary 437(1)
Ecosystem Stability I Introduction and Case Studies 438(26)
Stability of What? 439(1)
Resistance, Resilience, Robustness 440(1)
Pollution 440(5)
Degrading Forests through Mismanagement 445(6)
Loss of Biogregulation: Breaking the Links between Plants and Soils 451(9)
Loss of Biogregulation: Breaking the Top-Down Links 460(1)
Ball, Dancers, and Dances 461(2)
Summary 463(1)
Ecosystem Stability II The Role of Biodiversity 464(16)
May's Paradox 464(1)
Intensive Forest Management Simplifies Natural Ecosystems 465(1)
Does Biodiversity Stabilize Ecosystems? Yes, But... 465(2)
Understanding Stabilization Requires Understanding Structure-Function Interactions 467(12)
Summary 479(1)
Ecosystem Stability III Conserving Species 480(23)
Conserving Species Means Protecting Habitat 482(2)
What Kind of Habitat? A Matter of Balance 484(1)
Fine Filters, Coarse Filters, and Pluralism 485(4)
Viable Populations 489(4)
Landscape Patterns: Fragmentation, Variegation, and Permeation 493(9)
Summary 502(1)
The Future 503(18)
The Implications of Global Warming 504(2)
Maintaining Biological Diversity in Managed Forests 506(12)
Coda: The New and the Renewed 518(1)
Summary 519(2)
Bibliography 521(74)
Index 595
Preface xiii
Introduction 1(10)
Why Study Ecosystems? 2(2)
State of the World's Forests 4(4)
The Study of Nature: Balance and Flux 8(1)
A Brief Overview of the Book 9(1)
Summary 9(2)
Basic Terminology and Concepts 11(10)
Some Basic Concepts 12(2)
The Subdisciplines of Ecology 14(2)
The Nature of Systems 16(3)
Summary 19(2)
Forests as Part of the Global Ecosystem 21(20)
A Brief Look at the Global Ecosystem 21(9)
Ecosystem Services Provided by Forests 30(9)
Forests and Human Health 39(1)
Summary 40(1)
Major Forest Types and Their Climatic Controls 41(19)
The Influence of Climate on Forest Type 42(5)
Latitudinal Gradients in Forest Characteristics 47(3)
How Will Global Climate Change Affect the Distribution of Forests? 50(9)
Summary 59(1)
Local Variation in Community Type The Landscape Mosaic 60(19)
A Case History 60(5)
Topoedaphic Influences on Vegetation Patterns 65(8)
The Emergent Landscape: Integration and Topography, Soils, and Disturbance 73(2)
Vegetation Classification 75(3)
Summary 78(1)
Change in Time An Overview 79(7)
Earth Music 80(4)
Summary 84(2)
Disturbance in Forest Ecosystems 86(32)
The Complex Nature of Disturbance 86(1)
Fire 87(21)
Wind 108(3)
Tectonic Activity 111(1)
Flooding 111(1)
Invasive Species 111(6)
Summary 117(1)
Patterns and Mechanisms of Succession 118(38)
Historical Notes 118(2)
Compositional and Structural Change during Succession 120(10)
Mechanisms of Succession 130(16)
Ecosystem Changes during Succession 146(9)
The Emergent Landscape Revisited 155(1)
Summary 155(1)
The Structure of Local Ecosystems 156(34)
Forest Structure 159(11)
Habitat and Niche 170(2)
Food Webs: Pathways of Energy Flow within Ecosystems 172(7)
Niche Overlap and Diversification 179(5)
The Tradeoff between Dominance and Diversity 184(1)
Scales of Diversity 184(5)
Summary 189(1)
How Biodiversity Is Created and Maintained 190(26)
Forces That Generate and Maintain Diversity Within Communities 190(3)
The Variation of Species Richness among Environments 193(2)
Relationships between Forest Structure and the Diversity of Animals and Microbes 195(10)
Forces Producing Diversity in Trees and Other Forest Plants 205(10)
Summary 215(1)
The Biological Web Interactions among Species 216(26)
The Structure of Relationships within Communities 216(4)
Interactions between Two Species: Basic Concepts 220(1)
Mutualisms 221(11)
Competition 232(2)
Higher-Order Interactions 234(7)
Summary 241(1)
Size-Density Relationships in Forests over Time and across Space 242(5)
Self-Thinning: An Orderly Process 242(3)
Size-Density Relationships in Forests: The Spatial Dimension 245(1)
Summary 246(1)
Genetic and Evolutionary Aspects of Species Interactions 247(9)
The Role of Biotic Interactions in Evolution 248(3)
Community and Ecosystem Genetics 251(2)
The Selection of Cooperation within Groups 253(2)
Summary 255(1)
Soil The Fundamental Resource 256(45)
What Is Soil? 257(1)
The Soil Profile 258(2)
Physical Properties of Soils 260(9)
Chemical Properties of Soils 269(12)
Biological Properties of Soils 281(10)
Soil Development 291(6)
Soil Classification 297(2)
Summary 299(2)
Primary Productivity 301(32)
Light Capture and Gas Exchange in Canopies 302(4)
Respiration by Trees and Ecosystems 306(1)
Net Primary Productivity 307(7)
Carbon Allocation in Different Environments 314(3)
The Limiting Factors of the Environments 317(11)
Trees Are Not Prisoners of the Environment 328(1)
Productivity in the Twenty-First Century 329(3)
Summary 332(1)
Forest Nutrition 333(14)
The Essential Nutrients and Their Physiological Roles 334(3)
Nutrient Requirements and Limitations 337(5)
Diagnosing Nutrient Deficiencies 342(3)
The Concept of Relative Addition Rate 345(1)
Summary 346(1)
Biogeochemical Cycling Nutrient Inputs to and Losses from Local Ecosystems 347(25)
An Overview of Nutrient Inputs to Local Ecosystems 347(1)
Atmospheric Inputs 348(3)
Inputs from Weathering of Primary Minerals 351(2)
Biological Nitrogen Fixation 353(9)
Nutrient Losses from Undisturbed Forests 362(1)
Nutrient Losses from Disturbed Forests 363(17)
Summary 370(2)
Biogeochemical Cycling The Intrasystem Cycle 372(37)
Overview of the Intrasystem Nutrient Cycle 373(2)
The Contribution of Nutrient Cycling to Primary Productivity 375(1)
Detritus 375(7)
The Intratree Nutrient Cycle 382(1)
Throughfall and Stem Flow 383(1)
Decomposition and Nutrient Cycling: Some Basic Concepts 384(1)
Broad Patterns of Decomposition: The k Value 385(1)
Factors Controlling the Rate of Decomposition 385(7)
Effects of Food-Chain Interactions on Decomposition, Immobilization, and Mineralization 392(3)
Biodiversity Affects Decomposition 395(1)
A Closer Look at Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Sulfur Cycles 396(4)
Plant Uptake 400(6)
Nutrient Cycling through Succession 406(2)
Global Change and Nutrient Cycling 408(1)
Summary 408(1)
Herbivores in Forest Ecosystems 409(29)
Effects of Herbivory on Primary Productivity 411(6)
Factors Controlling Herbivores 417(18)
Coevolutionary Balance in Forests 435(2)
Summary 437(1)
Ecosystem Stability I Introduction and Case Studies 438(26)
Stability of What? 439(1)
Resistance, Resilience, Robustness 440(1)
Pollution 440(5)
Degrading Forests through Mismanagement 445(6)
Loss of Biogregulation: Breaking the Links between Plants and Soils 451(9)
Loss of Biogregulation: Breaking the Top-Down Links 460(1)
Ball, Dancers, and Dances 461(2)
Summary 463(1)
Ecosystem Stability II The Role of Biodiversity 464(16)
May's Paradox 464(1)
Intensive Forest Management Simplifies Natural Ecosystems 465(1)
Does Biodiversity Stabilize Ecosystems? Yes, But... 465(2)
Understanding Stabilization Requires Understanding Structure-Function Interactions 467(12)
Summary 479(1)
Ecosystem Stability III Conserving Species 480(23)
Conserving Species Means Protecting Habitat 482(2)
What Kind of Habitat? A Matter of Balance 484(1)
Fine Filters, Coarse Filters, and Pluralism 485(4)
Viable Populations 489(4)
Landscape Patterns: Fragmentation, Variegation, and Permeation 493(9)
Summary 502(1)
The Future 503(18)
The Implications of Global Warming 504(2)
Maintaining Biological Diversity in Managed Forests 506(12)
Coda: The New and the Renewed 518(1)
Summary 519(2)
Bibliography 521(74)
Index 595
Forest ecosystems / 2nd ed.
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