DETECTION OF EXPLOSIVES FOR COMMERCIAL AVIATION SECURITY 1
Copyright 2
ABSTRACT 5
DEDICATION 7
PREFACE 9
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 15
Contents 17
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 21
SYSTEM CONSIDERATIONS 24
TESTING PROTOCOLS AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 25
GENERAL TEST PROTOCOL FOR BULK DETECTION 25
STATUS OF VAPOR AND PARTICLE DETECTION TEST PROTOCOL 26
RECENT TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENTS 26
1. Thermal Neutron Activation (TNA) 27
2. Automated Neutron Source Accelerator 30
3. Elastic Neutron Scattering 30
4. Pulsed Fast Neutron Activation 30
5. Photon Activation 30
6. Nuclear Resonant Absorption 31
7. Fast Neutron Associated Particle (FNAP) 31
8. Dual Energy X-Ray Systems 31
9. Backscatter X-Ray 31
10. Extremely Low-Dose X-Ray Devices for Searching Passengers 32
11. Coherent X-Ray Scattering 32
12. Dual Energy X-Ray Computed Tomography (CT) 32
13. Vapor Detection Devices 33
14. Dogs 33
15. Bar Coding 33
16. Pattern Recognition 33
SUMMARY OF TECHNOLOGY RECOMMENDATIONS 34
1 SYSTEMS CONSIDERATIONS 35
A. INTRODUCTION 35
B. EDS ARCHITECTURE AND SEARCH STRATEGY 35
C. SIMULATION OF EDS DESIGNS 37
Study Airports 39
Model Validation and Analysis 41
Key Simulation Products 42
2 TESTING PROTOCOLS AND PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 43
A. INTRODUCTION 43
B. ROLE OF TESTING IN THE FAA REGULATORY PROCESS 44
C. TESTING ORGANIZATION 46
D. TEST PLANNING AND PREPARATION 46
E. A GENERAL TESTING PROTOCOL FOR BULK EXPLOSIVE DETECTION SYSTEMS 49
F. THE STATUS OF VAPOR AND PARTICLE DETECTION TEST PROTOCOLS 52
REFERENCES 55
Appendixes 57
APPENDIX A A GENERAL TESTING PROTOCOL FOR BULK EXPLOSIVE DETECTIONSYSTEMS 57
CONTENTS 59
A1 INTRODUCTION 61
A2 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 65
A. EXPLOSIVE CHARACTERISTICS TO BE MEASURED 65
B. IDENTIFICATION OF THE SET OF THREAT EXPLOSIVES 66
C. IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL BAG POPULATIONS 66
D. SYSTEM CALIBRATION AND THRESHOLD SETTINGS 67
E. MANUFACTURER/CONTRACTOR PARTICIPATION 67
F. TEST SITES 67
G. A STANDARD SET OF BAGS AND THREATS 68
A3 SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS 69
A. IDENTIFICATION OF DISTINCT BAG POPULATIONS 69
B. IDENTIFICATION AND SELECTION OF THE THREATS 71
C. BAG PROCESSING RATES 72
D. PRE-TESTING 73
A4 DEVELOPMENT OF TEST AND EVALUATION PLANS 75
A. GENERAL FACTORS 75
B. DATA ANALYSIS PLAN 76
C. SELECTION OF TEST BAGS 76
D. NUMBER OF TEST BAGS REQUIRED 78
E. SELECTION OF THE NUMBER OF THREAT ARTICLES 79
A5 TEST EXECUTION 81
A6 ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF TEST DATA 85
ANNEX I A STANDARD SET OF BAGS AND THREATS FOR TESTING BULK EXPLOSIVE DETECTION DEVICES OR SYSTEMS A... 87
ANNEX II VALIDATION OF SIMULANTS 91
1. Test Procedures. 91
2. Test Results. 91
3. Analyses for the Validation of Simulants 93
a. The Significance of the Difference Between Two Sample Means. 93
b. The Paired Difference Approach. 94
c. The Analysis of Variance Approach. 95
d. Measurement Additivity. 96
4. A Recommended Approach for Validating Simulants 97
ANNEX III MODEL TESTING SCENARIO 99
APPENDIX B GLOSSARY OF TERMS 101
APPENDIX C BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF COMMITTEE MEMBERS 105