简介
This report updates a 1977 study (which explored the status of women in faculty, postdoctoral, and advisory posts) and examines any changes in the status of women faculty between 1977 and 1981. Drawing on more limited data, it also examines their situation in industry. Data for the report were obtained primarily from the 1981 Survey of Doctorate Recipients and 1980 Survey of Earned Doctorates conducted by the National Research Council (NRC). The report is organized into five chapters, beginning with an examination of the number of women in the science/engineering pipeline and recent trends in the proportion of college women planning careers as scientists. In chapter 2, the characteristics of new doctorate recipients are described. Chapter 3 presents data on patterns of postdoctoral appointments for recent Ph.D.s. The comparative status of men and women faculty, including their rank, tenure, and salary profiles, is discussed in chapter 4. Chapter 5 briefly examines the employment patterns of doctoral women in industry and whether the picture has changed since 1977. Copies of the questionnaire used in the two NRC surveys, a summary of the evidence related to the status of women scientists, and recommendations for improving their situation are included. (JN)
目录
Climbing the Ladder 1
Copyright 2
PREFACE 5
Contents 7
INTRODUCTION 13
DATA SOURCES 13
ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT 14
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 15
CHAPTER 1 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUPPLY OF DOCTORAL WOMEN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS 19
HISTORICAL PATTERNS AND THEIR REFLECTIONS 19
SCIENTIFIC ABILITY 21
TRENDS IN MATH AND SCIENCE PREPARATION IN COLLEGE 23
TRENDS IN GRADUATE EDUCATION 25
1. Persistence and attrition 28
2. \u201cParity\u201d at the doctoral level 29
CHAPTER 2 THE SUPPLY OF WOMEN DOCTORATES 34
MINORITY WOMEN IN SCIENCE 35
INSTITUTIONAL ORIGINS 35
AGE AT PH.D. 36
GRADUATE SCHOOL SUPPORT PATTERNS 42
PREDOCTORAL EMPLOYMENT 43
MARITAL STATUS 44
PLANS AFTER THE PH.D. 44
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 47
CHAPTER 3 POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING 49
REASON FOR TAKING A POSTDOCTORAL APPOINTMENT 50
MARITAL STATUS AND POSTDOCTORAL PATTERNS 54
HOST INSTITUTIONS 54
POSTDOCTORAL STIPENDS 58
CHAPTER 4 WOMEN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN ACADEME 59
ACADEMIC VS. NONACADEMIC EMPLOYMENT 59
FULL-TIME AND PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT 61
NUMBERS OF WOMEN FACULTY 63
SEX DISTRIBUTION OF FACULTY APPOINTMENTS 63
OFF-LADDER POSITIONS 66
HIRING AND PROMOTION OF JUNIOR FACULTY 66
TENURE DECISIONS 72
ADMINISTRATIVE POSITIONS 75
FACULTY SALARIES 79
GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY 82
CONCLUSION 82
CHAPTER 5 DOCTORAL WOMEN IN INDUSTRY 84
INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT OF FEMALE PH.D.S 84
GROWTH OF PH.D. PERSONNEL 84
JOB CHOICES FOR RECENT WOMEN DOCTORATES 86
TYPE OF POSITION HELD 86
SALARIES 88
CONCLUSIONS 90
RECOMMENDATIONS 91
APPENDICES 93
APPENDIX A 94
APPENDIX B 98
What is the Survey of Earned Doctorates? 98
What uses are made of the Survey data? 98
The confidentiality of Survey data is carefully protected. 98
REFERENCES 105
Copyright 2
PREFACE 5
Contents 7
INTRODUCTION 13
DATA SOURCES 13
ORGANIZATION OF THE REPORT 14
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS 15
CHAPTER 1 FACTORS AFFECTING THE SUPPLY OF DOCTORAL WOMEN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS 19
HISTORICAL PATTERNS AND THEIR REFLECTIONS 19
SCIENTIFIC ABILITY 21
TRENDS IN MATH AND SCIENCE PREPARATION IN COLLEGE 23
TRENDS IN GRADUATE EDUCATION 25
1. Persistence and attrition 28
2. \u201cParity\u201d at the doctoral level 29
CHAPTER 2 THE SUPPLY OF WOMEN DOCTORATES 34
MINORITY WOMEN IN SCIENCE 35
INSTITUTIONAL ORIGINS 35
AGE AT PH.D. 36
GRADUATE SCHOOL SUPPORT PATTERNS 42
PREDOCTORAL EMPLOYMENT 43
MARITAL STATUS 44
PLANS AFTER THE PH.D. 44
LABOR FORCE PARTICIPATION 47
CHAPTER 3 POSTDOCTORAL TRAINING 49
REASON FOR TAKING A POSTDOCTORAL APPOINTMENT 50
MARITAL STATUS AND POSTDOCTORAL PATTERNS 54
HOST INSTITUTIONS 54
POSTDOCTORAL STIPENDS 58
CHAPTER 4 WOMEN SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS IN ACADEME 59
ACADEMIC VS. NONACADEMIC EMPLOYMENT 59
FULL-TIME AND PART-TIME EMPLOYMENT 61
NUMBERS OF WOMEN FACULTY 63
SEX DISTRIBUTION OF FACULTY APPOINTMENTS 63
OFF-LADDER POSITIONS 66
HIRING AND PROMOTION OF JUNIOR FACULTY 66
TENURE DECISIONS 72
ADMINISTRATIVE POSITIONS 75
FACULTY SALARIES 79
GEOGRAPHIC MOBILITY 82
CONCLUSION 82
CHAPTER 5 DOCTORAL WOMEN IN INDUSTRY 84
INCREASE IN EMPLOYMENT OF FEMALE PH.D.S 84
GROWTH OF PH.D. PERSONNEL 84
JOB CHOICES FOR RECENT WOMEN DOCTORATES 86
TYPE OF POSITION HELD 86
SALARIES 88
CONCLUSIONS 90
RECOMMENDATIONS 91
APPENDICES 93
APPENDIX A 94
APPENDIX B 98
What is the Survey of Earned Doctorates? 98
What uses are made of the Survey data? 98
The confidentiality of Survey data is carefully protected. 98
REFERENCES 105
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